A brief biographical sketch of yourself is also recommended. Questions about ordering? Contaminated objects that may easily carry bacteria or viruses, such as blankets, bowls, toys, etc. Parasitol Res. 25Bendesky A, Menndez D, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Is metronidazole carcinogenic? Evaluation of Metronidazole With and Without Enterococcus Faecium SF68 in Shelter Dogs With Diarrhea. By clicking below, you agree that we may process your information in accordance with these terms. Although we prefer to use original material only, we do sometimes publish book excerpts. Every one of these bacteria can be found in high-quality probiotics formulated especially for dogs.
doi:10.3390/microorganisms8060862. Thank you! If your vet suspects your dog has canine coronavirus, they will perform an examination.
In addition to potential adverse side effects, we now know that metronidazole can cause unhealthy long-term changes in a pets gut microbiome.1,2, Because metronidazole has activity against several diarrhetic agents, it has become the most frequently-used antibiotic for nonspecific diarrhea.3 But in some cases, it may be the wrong choice. However, a study in dogs found that this reduction amounted to only a couple of days. 2004;6(3):157-160. The use of metronidazole during pregnancy: a review of evidence. Most dogs will recover fully within two weeks from both the enteric and respiratory strains. Effects were not temporary: fourweeks post metronidazole, microbiome changes had not fully resolved, compromising healthy gut function. In addition, superior canine probiotics will offer the correct CFU, or colony forming units, beneficial to your dogs health.
When you select Auto Ship & Earn, youll receive rewards points on your initial order +100 bonus points on future Auto Ship orders (just make sure to log into your account during checkout to build up and claim your rewards). 2013;1(6). Please ensure that any health facts or statistics that might appear in your article are accurate and come from an accredited source. 29Fenimore A, Martin L, Lappin MR. As the leading innovative veterinary care magazine in North America, we take pride in providing our readers with the information they need to make wise health care choices for their animal companions. We also feature enema supplies such as non-toxic silicone colon tubes, flex tip and Delrin enema nozzles, made-for-enema coffee and enema soap, and Easy Enema Kits with free educational materials. Dogs typically display clinical signs related to gastrointestinal upset, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and lethargy. In addition, the dogs health problems may worsen a bit before completely clearing up as theGI tract adjusts to the sudden influx of good probiotic bacteria. Thanks to you, I am back to work today and on the road to healing! Bone marrow necrosis in dogs: 34 cases (1996-2004). Identifying and correcting any dysbiosis can make an enormous difference in your patients long-term health and happiness. The goat milk enema soap worked better than any colonic I'd had, and the enema bags are the best. Genome Announc. Her efforts to translate academic research into solutions for companion animals began six years ago when she launched KittyBiome, a citizen science project, which revealed that imbalances in the gut microbiome are common in pets and there is a pressing need for better approaches to maintain and restore gut health. 2018;02(03). 32Mousavi S, Schmidt A-M, Escher U, et al. Ellen Barber is a writer and editor with more than 20 years of experience serving corporations, publishers, and organizations in the fields of business, investment, investment management, and education. As you explore probiotics, check out our always up-to-date list of the best probiotics for dogs. prednisone and phenobarbital), no medications have been shown to clearly decrease metabolism.27 Dont use metronidazole if your patient might be pregnant.28 If your patient has liver disease, metronidazole should be used very cautiously and at a lowered dose. 7Thabit AK, Fatani DF, Bamakhrama MS, Barnawi OA, Basudan LO, Alhejaili SF. Microbiome-mediated bile acid modification: Role in intestinal drug absorption and metabolism. PLoS One. Am J Gastroenterol. We highly recommend this useful health screening tool! 2013;44:56. The immune system of a dog is weakened with old age. Overall, the prognosis for both the enteric and respiratory forms of canine coronavirus is good, unless in severe cases or in young animals. Please do not send multiple submissions (articles that have been sent to more than one publication) unless you have received confirmation that the story will not be used by another magazine. I learned from you (and your website) what not to eat in order to start the healing process. Treatment-Specific Composition of the Gut Microbiota Is Associated With Disease Remission in a Pediatric Crohns Disease Cohort. 38Mooyottu S, Flock G, Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Maas K, Venkitanarayanan K. Protective Effect of Carvacrol against Gut Dysbiosis and Clostridium difficile Associated Disease in a Mouse Model. 2013;55:23. If side effects do occur after giving probiotics to a dog, they are usually associated with digestive issues, such as excess gas, constipation or diarrhea (if you are not already treating the dog for diarrhea). 33Yuan W, Seng ZJ, Kohli GS, Yang L, Yuk H-G. It is part of a larger respiratory disease complex in dogs and causes coughing, sneezing, and difficulty breathing. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2015;10(2):170-179. I've been very pleased with all my purchases. Experts estimate that only one in a million dogs and people could have an allergic reaction to probiotics for reasons that have yet to be identified. Use of this site constitutes your acceptance of our Terms of Sale and Privacy Policy.
Photographs, where applicable, are also encouraged. Experienced vets answer all your pet questions via chat or video. Dogs develop canine enteric coronavirus through ingestion of infected feces. Natural Healthy Concepts is a trademark of NHC.com, LLC. In addition to our online store, this website offers a library of clinical articles on diverse health issues and healing tools. Role of anaerobic flora in the translocation of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic intestinal bacteria. 2019;243:8-14. Pets taking metronidazole may eat less than usual or refuse meals altogether.
~ Sara B. J Vet Intern Med. Please allow time for us to moderate your review. Established in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1998, Optimal Health Network was founded by and is continuously cultivated by Kristina Amelong, CCT, CNC. Comparison of oral prednisone and prednisone combined with metronidazole for induction therapy of canine inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized-controlled trial. IVC Journal is a division of Redstone Media Group. Theresa Groskopp, Certified Nutritionist 310 N Westhill Blvd, Appleton, WI 54914 Telephone: 866-505-7501 (US) 920-968-2360. Ingredients: Porcine Stomach L-Glutamine Porcine Duodenum Porcine Jejunum Bovine And Ovine Spleen Defatted Wheat Germ Bovine Liver Veal Bone PMG Extract Alfalfa Juice Bovine Parotid PMG Extract Bovine Kidney Mushroom Nutritional Yeast Bovine Liver PMG Extract Bovine Adrenal PMG Extract Pea Vine Juice Bovine Pancreas Cytosol Extract Carrot Rice Bran Bovine Orchic Extract Oat Flour Bovine Pancreas PMG Extract Purified Bovine Bile Salts Tillandsia Usneoides Licorice Allantoin Wheat Germ Oil Beet Leaf Juice Beet Root Calcium Glycerophosphate Chlorophyll Extract Bovine Pituitary PMG Extract Bentonite Bovine ParathyroidMinerals Phosphorus 5mg / 1/2 teaspoon Sodium 12mg / 1/2 teaspoonVitamins Vitamin B2 30mcg / 1/2 teaspoon Niacin 0.2mcg / 1/2 teaspoon, Recommended Use: Based on body weight, the canine patient should receive the formula according to the following recommendations, or as otherwise directed.1-10 lbs 1/8 teaspoon once per day11-20 lbs 1/8 teaspoon twice per day21-40 lbs 1/4 teaspoon twice per day41-60 lbs 1/2 teaspoon twice per day61-80 lbs 3/4 teaspoon twice per day>80 lbs 1 teaspoon twice per day. The products and/or claims made about specific products found on this website have not been evaluated by the United States Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, cure or prevent disease. J Vet Sci. ~ Dennis H. "Ive been a customer of yours since 2016. If you submit an outline for a story, please also send samples of your work. Probiotics not only promote growth of good bacteria in your dogs intestines but will also: Eliminating chronic health conditions through probiotics help increase energy levels in dogs. Now at 68 I am in fine health. Having any technical difficulties? Improvement in Clinical Symptoms and Fecal Microbiome After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Dog with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Article wasn't very helpful and needs improvement.
I found her to be very informative and she is quite patient." This product is available via phone order only. Comparison of microbiological, histological, and immunomodulatory parameters in response to treatment with either combination therapy with prednisone and metronidazole or probiotic VSL#3 strains in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The problem is that there isnt much scientific evidence that metronidazole actually helps some of the conditions its being used for. In the past, metronidazole was commonly used to treat infections caused by the protozoan parasites Giardia and Tritrichomonas, which are known to cause diarrhea in cats and dogs. Please let us know all the ways you would like to hear from us: You can change your mind at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in the footer of any email you receive from us, or by contacting us at [emailprotected] We will treat your information with respect. This article had helpful info and advice that I trust. Common symptoms include: Gagging/regurgitation at the end of the cough. Lastly, if your patients microbiome is significantly dysbiotic, the introduction of beneficial microbes via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) i.e. J Feline Med Surg. A healthy digestive tract is critical to overall health and well-being. Curr Drug Metab. Support the ability of intestinal cells to function, regenerate, and respond to daily metabolic and immune challenges, Hepatic patients in need of additional enteric support as indicated by ALT, alkaline phosphatase, bile acids studies, and enteric histopathology.
", "Natural Healthy Concept products are amazing! 46, Because metronidazole has a positive effect on Crohns disease in humans, it is often used for diarrhea in dogs with IBD and other chronic diseases of the intestines, usually in combination with the steroid prednisone.47 However, researchers established in 2010 that metronidazole doesnt actually add any benefit in this scenario: prednisone plus metronidazole is no more effective for IBD than prednisone by itself.4.
3Singleton DA, Noble PJM, Snchez-Vizcano F, et al. Systemic antibiotic therapy for chronic osteomyelitis in adults. Here are some questions to ask: In many cases of canine diarrhea, the answer may be no. Consider whether metronidazole will be beneficial for your patient. Our turnaround response time for submissions is four weeks. 2017;115:478-483. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and genotoxicity of metronidazole in cats. Study Focuses on Nasal Microbiota in Horses with EHV-1, AI the newest tool in veterinary science, Pet spending exceeds $100 billion over the past year, Dawn Kingsbury, DVM, PhD, Dip. However, probiotics are like super vitamins that improve all aspects of a dogs health, ranging from enhancing immune system functioning to supporting intestinal absorption of nutrients necessary for keeping all dogs fit, happy and disease-free. "Kristina, words can hardly express my gratitude for you and your website during this past week! Questions about ordering? Get pet health tips and insights from top veterinarians delivered to your inbox weekly! Microorganisms. Clin Infect Dis. 48Shmalberg J, Montalbano C, Morelli G, Buckley GJ. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 5Chaitman J, Ziese A-L, Pilla R, et al. Top Companion Anim Med. 2019;81:128-136. The HTMA also alerts you to any toxic metal levels in your body. The materials on your site enlightened me. 15Scorza AV, Lappin MR. Metronidazole for the treatment of feline giardiasis. With so many brands on the market, we did our research to make picking the right one for your dog easy! 1995;90(3):439-448. However, this antibiotic has become a knee-jerk response to cases of diarrhea based on good theory and historical practice, rather than scientific evidence.
These colon cleanse home remedies can be incorporated into an individualized, doctor-supervised program for optimal health. ~ Daniel S. Learn More About Health Consultations with Kristina Amelong, CCT, CNC. Several studies have found that metronidazole doesnt help inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)4 or acute diarrhea in dogs.5. 12Baele M, Decostere A, Vandamme P, et al. Price in conjunction with colon cleansing (herbal laxatives, in-home enemas, and/or colon hydrotherapy). J Vet Intern Med. More severe cases may require hospitalization with: IV antibiotics and/or anti-nausea medications, Nutritional supportfeeding tubes or total parenteral nutrition, Oxygen or use of a nebulizer for dogs with CRCoV. My first phone consultation with Kristina, I was in tears, but she was so caring. 24Sekis I, Ramstead K, Rishniw M, et al. Canine coronaviruses are, however, highly contagious between dogs.
Learn More About Health Consultations with Kristina Amelong, essential oil blend specifically designed to heal a fissure, Learn More About Our Anal Fissure Healing Protocol, colon-cleansing, nutritional, and educational health products, Ten Days to Optimal Health: A Guide to Nutritional Therapy and Colon Cleansing, Support the ability of intestinal cells to function, regenerate, and respond to daily metabolic and immune challenges, Hepatic patients in need of additional enteric support. All heat sensitive products we sell are manufactured with overages that ensure label potency when exposed to extreme temperatures for short periods of time. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Along with the pathogens, most antibiotics also alter the commensal populations needed for health. 44Suez J, Zmora N, Zilberman-Schapira G, et al. The incubation period after exposure is 1-3 days. Additionally, testing your patients microbiome after a course of antibiotics (see sidebar) is recommended, especially if GI signs linger. Before submitting to IVC Journal, we ask that you familiarize yourself with our publication so that you have a strong sense of the type of articles we publish. 2010;24(2):269-277. Or could we be doing more harm than good by prescribing it? 2020;8(6). 4Jergens AE, Crandell J, Morrison JA, et al. J Feline Med Surg. Dogs, symptomatic or not, may then shed the virus in their feces for 2 weeks. 2020;7(1):e000370. ACVIM (SAIM), Tear production and good ocular hygiene in dogs and cats, Helping pet parents through the recovery process, In pets, metronidazole has been used to treat, Historically, metronidazole was effective against, Certain probiotics may help support better outcomes and reduce side effects. Front Microbiol. Side effects of probiotics in dogs is minimal to none and should never deter a dog owner from giving their dog the great health benefits of safe, high-quality probiotics.
Though some health issues, such as life-threatening bacterial infections, do require antibiotics, other conditions may resolve with supportive care alone. ORDER YOUR HTMA HOME TESTING KIT TODAY. Chat live with a licensed veterinarian, or schedule a video call to get expert advice for your pets health. The authors concluded that the use of metronidazole for such cases should be discouraged until evidence-based data demonstrate a difference in treatment outcome.48. Having any technical difficulties? 23Weiss DJ.
I saw various health practitioners without results, and felt hopeless. 2002;511(2):133-144. There are, however, vaccines for other types CIRD that are considered part of the standard recommended vaccines by the American Animal Hospital Association. On this health and wellness website you can purchase a broad array of high-quality colon-cleansing, nutritional, and educational health products. Adv Parasitol. Price Dietary Principles. Signs that a dog may be suffering an allergic reaction to one or more of the live bacteria composing probiotic supplements are intense all over itching, difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue and lips and unsteady gait. Make sure the photos are labeled and include your name, address and phone number. Unused material will be returned after due consideration. Hippocrates is often credited with the maxim, Let thy food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food. Veterinarians have long used dietary modification in disease management. Vet Med (Auckl). That was way back in 2001. 2018;19(11):902-909. Front Vet Sci. Study to Identify Genetic Risk Factors for Anal Furunculosis in German. Published online 2020. Review: Our list of the top 5 dog probiotics! You answer my questions. Improve digestive processes by facilitating breakdown of consumed food, absorption of vitamins and minerals and removal of toxic waste products, May help reduce minor food intolerances and their side effects, Reduces inflammation in the GI tract to relieve diarrhea or constipation, Increases energy levels by eliminating some chronic health conditions, Promotes manufacturing of folic acid, biotin and B vitamins, Stimulates and regulates all components of the canine immune system, Helps degrade and neutralize food toxins and carcinogens, Keeps hormone levels balanced and regulated, May reduce the risk of female dogs suffering urinary tract infections. Live chat with representatives when available.
2014;9(4):e94699. Thanks again!" Prebiotic fibers such as inulin and psyllium may help by feeding beneficial bacterial populations while also firming up the stool. 46Upcroft P, Upcroft JA. 1987;55(11):2689-2694. "Only business I call. nov., isolated from feline stomach mucosa.
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Just an FYI. Especially with early veterinary intervention and supportive care, most dogs quickly recover. 2019;6:163. Teratogenicity has been recorded in rodents, though not humans.22 Rare idiosyncratic reactions in dogs have included pancytopenia.23 In cats, metronidazole has been found to cause reversible DNA damage to lymphocytes.24 Given long term and at a high dose in female mice, tumor-promoting effects are documented, and its carcinogenic potential has been questioned in people.25,26. Depending on the severity, some dogs may receive outpatient treatment such as: Probiotics to re-establish gastrointestinal flora, Anti-inflammatories and/or cough medicine for coughing in dogs with CRCoV. Youll also have full control over your Auto Ship delivery schedule. Being bactericidal, metronidazole has the potential to work faster and more efficiently than other antibiotics (e.g. Stress Resistance Development and Genome-Wide Transcriptional Response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Adapted to Sublethal Thymol, Carvacrol, and trans-Cinnamaldehyde. Learn more about Mailchimp's privacy practices here. 2019;25(12):1927-1938. doi:10.1093/ibd/izz130. A probiotic formulas CFU is the total amount of bacterium in the formula. That was when I started researching in earnest the correct direction toward therapeutic enemas, rather than the usual one-shot approach to basically just clean out the lower colon due to constipation, etc. Be sure to include your name, address, phone number, FAX number and/or e-mail address on your manuscript. 11Langlois DK, Koenigshof AM, Mani R. Metronidazole treatment of acute diarrhea in dogs: A randomized double blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. Probiotics are live bacteria presented in capsule or liquid form that provide numerous benefits to a dogs overall health. Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa. Instead of giving up, I got proactive and went back to my macrobiotic diet along with regular high colonics with your equipment and got my immune system running at 100%. ~ Greg K. Symptoms of canine coronavirus vary based on the strain. I was recently diagnosed with a large anal fissure after 30+ days of pain (and misdiagnosis and treatment for something I didn't have). Dogs weighing more than 50 pounds can handle between two and five billion CFUs per day. Respiratory canine coronavirus spreads through the air and enters the lungs. Lifestyle Vaccines: What Are They and Which Does Your Pet Need. according to the following recommendations, or as otherwise directed. 8Marks SL, Kather EJ. ~ Maria R. "I thought I was knowledgeable about coffee enemas until I spoke with Kristina. J Feline Med Surg. Its also a good idea to divide dosages into two parts to be given at mealtimes. It is also important to quarantine symptomatic dogs to prevent the spread of either strain of canine coronavirus to other dogs. "I just wanted you to know that thanks to you, I got my life back. It took a while, as I believe I suffered from chemical poisoning from working on a huge tomato farm and inadvertently inhaling Roundup herbicide. Join them by signing up for our newsletter. Learn More About Our Anal Fissure Healing Protocol. Auto Ship & Earn is unavailable for this item. 2018;19(3):368-374. 2008;58(Pt 2):357-364. And as the authors pointed out, most cases of diarrhea in dogs resolve in a few days regardless of treatment.11, Another study that looked at treating acute diarrhea in dogs found no significant difference between metronidazole and a placebo. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01095-13. 2018;84(22). The information presented on this site is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information found on any product label or packaging. 45Martinez-Lopez LM, Pepper A, Pilla R, Woodward A, Suchodolski J, Mansfield C. Effect of Sequentially Fed High Protein, Hydrolysed Protein, and High Fibre Diets on The Faecal Microbiota of Healthy Dogs: A Cross-Over Study. Int J Food Microbiol. This depends on the type and severity of the dogs health condition. Gut Pathog. Int J Infect Dis.
It's amazing to have control over my health and life again!" 2017;8:625. Pharmaceutical Prescription in Canine Acute Diarrhoea: A Longitudinal Electronic Health Record Analysis of First Opinion Veterinary Practices. And yet, even without strong scientific evidence of its effectiveness, metronidazole has become the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial agent for acute diarrhea in dogs.3 Here are three common situations in which research has found metronidazole to be the wrong choice. Antimicrobial prescriptions and adherence to prudent use guidelines for selected canine diseases in Switzerland in 2016. We will respond to every email as quickly as we can.
If you are sending your submission by regular mail, please also enclose a SASE and keep a copy of the article for your own files. For example, dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis are often given antibiotics, but according to veterinary consensus guidelines, antibiotics are appropriate for this condition only when sepsis is present.17,18 Researchers have found that as long as sepsis is not involved, even hemorrhagic gastroenteritis responds just as well to supportive care as to antibiotics.19, In fact, several studies have shown that metronidazole can actually make diarrhea worse, not only by reducing populations of good anaerobic bacteria, but also by altering the intestinal mucus.20,21, Most medications have potential adverse side effects. Use the dropdown menu on each product page or in your cart to choose how often you want an item delivered with Auto Ship. This unique protocol is outlined as a 35-day, step-by-step program in Kristina's book, Ten Days to Optimal Health: A Guide to Nutritional Therapy and Colon Cleansing. Canine Enteric Support from Standard Process is a great supplement for those looking to provide digestive support for their dog. 26Adil M, Iqbal W, Adnan F, et al. 2007;94(9/10):214. When a dog has canine enteric coronavirus (CECoV), the virus travels to the intestinal cells and replicates quickly, destroying those cells in the process. Healthy dogs were medicated with a 14-day course of metronidazole; more than 50% developed diarrhea during treatment. Evaluation of silymarin in the treatment on asymptomatic Giardia infections in dogs. Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) is part of the complex disease called Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease, or CIRD. Enteric canine coronavirus spreads through feces and causes damage to the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. Updated on September 6, 2020 5 minute read. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr.
Topics include how to perform a home colon cleanse, chronic stress and adrenal fatigue, how to treat anal fissures, yeast infections, chronic constipation relief, fibromyalgia, coffee enema instructions, hypothyroidism, infant constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, Lyme disease, prostate health, seasonal allergies, and weight loss. Dawn Kingsbury has practiced general and specialty companion animal medicine around the world. Acta Vet Scand. ~ Wendy C. "I've struggled with debilitating chronic constipation for years, unable to work or have a life.
Holly received her PhD from UC Davis and was a postdoctoral scholar at UC Berkeley. doi:10.21767/2575-7733.1000048. You should always consult with a qualified health care professional before starting any exercise, diet or supplement regimen. Effects of metronidazole on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs.
In both human and veterinary medicine, it has cured life-threatening anaerobic infections. Because past research has found metronidazole to be effective against certain causes of diarrhea in dogs, it has become many veterinarians go-to treatment for diarrhea in general. 28Pichler L. Teratogenicity in dogs and cats-a review for practitioners and toxicologists. We offer some of the most proven colon cleanse products for sale online. Since then, Ive found the products for sale on your site are excellent quality, shipped promptly, and packed very professionally. 6Spellberg B, Lipsky BA. Appl Environ Microbiol. In addition to breakdown and absorption of nutrients, digestive health can also have a significant impact on other body systems (immune system, liver, bone marrow, or adrenal glands). A healthy digestive tract is critical to overall health and well-being. In coordination with our lab partner, Analytical Research Labs, we supply Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis (HTMA) home testing kits to our clients, along with a complimentary follow-up consultation to assess the results. "I couldn't be more pleased with the prices and excellent service provided. But there is little evidence that it actually helps acute, nonspecific diarrhea (diarrhea with an undetermined cause) a category that represents the majority of diarrhea cases in both cats and dogs. Feel free to give us a call at (608) 242-0200 for assistance. She regularly contributes to AnimalBiomes pet health blog posts. Clin Microbiol Rev. Do not, however, send book-length manuscripts. 9Wetterwik K-J, Trowald-Wigh G, Fernstrm L-L, Krovacek K. Clostridium difficile in faeces from healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea. Given the plethora of amassing scientific evidence, diet is cemented as the foundation of health. For example, diarrhea often equates with dysbiosis. More serious, though less common, adverse effects include lethargy, weakness, hepatopathy, central nervous system signs such as nystagmus, head tilt, loss of balance and coordination, stumbling, knuckling, or even seizures. Probiotics are typically given to dogs suffering GI tract illnesses, chronic diarrhea or diarrhea associated with antibiotic use. 10Chon J-W, Seo K-H, Bae D, Park J-H, Khan S, Sung K. Prevalence, toxin gene profile, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens from diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs in Korea. Canine coronavirus often causes mild or hard-to-spot symptoms; however, it can be fatal under certain conditions. Giving dogs human probiotic supplements may cause side effects that include vomiting, severe diarrhea and dehydration. Metronidazole is an extremely useful antibiotic and antiprotozoal agent thats been around since the 1950s.
doi:10.3390/microorganisms8060862. Thank you! If your vet suspects your dog has canine coronavirus, they will perform an examination.
In addition to potential adverse side effects, we now know that metronidazole can cause unhealthy long-term changes in a pets gut microbiome.1,2, Because metronidazole has activity against several diarrhetic agents, it has become the most frequently-used antibiotic for nonspecific diarrhea.3 But in some cases, it may be the wrong choice. However, a study in dogs found that this reduction amounted to only a couple of days. 2004;6(3):157-160. The use of metronidazole during pregnancy: a review of evidence. Most dogs will recover fully within two weeks from both the enteric and respiratory strains. Effects were not temporary: fourweeks post metronidazole, microbiome changes had not fully resolved, compromising healthy gut function. In addition, superior canine probiotics will offer the correct CFU, or colony forming units, beneficial to your dogs health.
When you select Auto Ship & Earn, youll receive rewards points on your initial order +100 bonus points on future Auto Ship orders (just make sure to log into your account during checkout to build up and claim your rewards). 2013;1(6). Please ensure that any health facts or statistics that might appear in your article are accurate and come from an accredited source. 29Fenimore A, Martin L, Lappin MR. As the leading innovative veterinary care magazine in North America, we take pride in providing our readers with the information they need to make wise health care choices for their animal companions. We also feature enema supplies such as non-toxic silicone colon tubes, flex tip and Delrin enema nozzles, made-for-enema coffee and enema soap, and Easy Enema Kits with free educational materials. Dogs typically display clinical signs related to gastrointestinal upset, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and lethargy. In addition, the dogs health problems may worsen a bit before completely clearing up as theGI tract adjusts to the sudden influx of good probiotic bacteria. Thanks to you, I am back to work today and on the road to healing! Bone marrow necrosis in dogs: 34 cases (1996-2004). Identifying and correcting any dysbiosis can make an enormous difference in your patients long-term health and happiness. The goat milk enema soap worked better than any colonic I'd had, and the enema bags are the best. Genome Announc. Her efforts to translate academic research into solutions for companion animals began six years ago when she launched KittyBiome, a citizen science project, which revealed that imbalances in the gut microbiome are common in pets and there is a pressing need for better approaches to maintain and restore gut health. 2018;02(03). 32Mousavi S, Schmidt A-M, Escher U, et al. Ellen Barber is a writer and editor with more than 20 years of experience serving corporations, publishers, and organizations in the fields of business, investment, investment management, and education. As you explore probiotics, check out our always up-to-date list of the best probiotics for dogs. prednisone and phenobarbital), no medications have been shown to clearly decrease metabolism.27 Dont use metronidazole if your patient might be pregnant.28 If your patient has liver disease, metronidazole should be used very cautiously and at a lowered dose. 7Thabit AK, Fatani DF, Bamakhrama MS, Barnawi OA, Basudan LO, Alhejaili SF. Microbiome-mediated bile acid modification: Role in intestinal drug absorption and metabolism. PLoS One. Am J Gastroenterol. We highly recommend this useful health screening tool! 2013;44:56. The immune system of a dog is weakened with old age. Overall, the prognosis for both the enteric and respiratory forms of canine coronavirus is good, unless in severe cases or in young animals. Please do not send multiple submissions (articles that have been sent to more than one publication) unless you have received confirmation that the story will not be used by another magazine. I learned from you (and your website) what not to eat in order to start the healing process. Treatment-Specific Composition of the Gut Microbiota Is Associated With Disease Remission in a Pediatric Crohns Disease Cohort. 38Mooyottu S, Flock G, Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Maas K, Venkitanarayanan K. Protective Effect of Carvacrol against Gut Dysbiosis and Clostridium difficile Associated Disease in a Mouse Model. 2013;55:23. If side effects do occur after giving probiotics to a dog, they are usually associated with digestive issues, such as excess gas, constipation or diarrhea (if you are not already treating the dog for diarrhea). 33Yuan W, Seng ZJ, Kohli GS, Yang L, Yuk H-G. It is part of a larger respiratory disease complex in dogs and causes coughing, sneezing, and difficulty breathing. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2015;10(2):170-179. I've been very pleased with all my purchases. Experts estimate that only one in a million dogs and people could have an allergic reaction to probiotics for reasons that have yet to be identified. Use of this site constitutes your acceptance of our Terms of Sale and Privacy Policy.
Photographs, where applicable, are also encouraged. Experienced vets answer all your pet questions via chat or video. Dogs develop canine enteric coronavirus through ingestion of infected feces. Natural Healthy Concepts is a trademark of NHC.com, LLC. In addition to our online store, this website offers a library of clinical articles on diverse health issues and healing tools. Role of anaerobic flora in the translocation of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic intestinal bacteria. 2019;243:8-14. Pets taking metronidazole may eat less than usual or refuse meals altogether.
~ Sara B. J Vet Intern Med. Please allow time for us to moderate your review. Established in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1998, Optimal Health Network was founded by and is continuously cultivated by Kristina Amelong, CCT, CNC. Comparison of oral prednisone and prednisone combined with metronidazole for induction therapy of canine inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized-controlled trial. IVC Journal is a division of Redstone Media Group. Theresa Groskopp, Certified Nutritionist 310 N Westhill Blvd, Appleton, WI 54914 Telephone: 866-505-7501 (US) 920-968-2360. Ingredients: Porcine Stomach L-Glutamine Porcine Duodenum Porcine Jejunum Bovine And Ovine Spleen Defatted Wheat Germ Bovine Liver Veal Bone PMG Extract Alfalfa Juice Bovine Parotid PMG Extract Bovine Kidney Mushroom Nutritional Yeast Bovine Liver PMG Extract Bovine Adrenal PMG Extract Pea Vine Juice Bovine Pancreas Cytosol Extract Carrot Rice Bran Bovine Orchic Extract Oat Flour Bovine Pancreas PMG Extract Purified Bovine Bile Salts Tillandsia Usneoides Licorice Allantoin Wheat Germ Oil Beet Leaf Juice Beet Root Calcium Glycerophosphate Chlorophyll Extract Bovine Pituitary PMG Extract Bentonite Bovine ParathyroidMinerals Phosphorus 5mg / 1/2 teaspoon Sodium 12mg / 1/2 teaspoonVitamins Vitamin B2 30mcg / 1/2 teaspoon Niacin 0.2mcg / 1/2 teaspoon, Recommended Use: Based on body weight, the canine patient should receive the formula according to the following recommendations, or as otherwise directed.1-10 lbs 1/8 teaspoon once per day11-20 lbs 1/8 teaspoon twice per day21-40 lbs 1/4 teaspoon twice per day41-60 lbs 1/2 teaspoon twice per day61-80 lbs 3/4 teaspoon twice per day>80 lbs 1 teaspoon twice per day. The products and/or claims made about specific products found on this website have not been evaluated by the United States Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, cure or prevent disease. J Vet Sci. ~ Dennis H. "Ive been a customer of yours since 2016. If you submit an outline for a story, please also send samples of your work. Probiotics not only promote growth of good bacteria in your dogs intestines but will also: Eliminating chronic health conditions through probiotics help increase energy levels in dogs. Now at 68 I am in fine health. Having any technical difficulties? Improvement in Clinical Symptoms and Fecal Microbiome After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Dog with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Article wasn't very helpful and needs improvement.
I found her to be very informative and she is quite patient." This product is available via phone order only. Comparison of microbiological, histological, and immunomodulatory parameters in response to treatment with either combination therapy with prednisone and metronidazole or probiotic VSL#3 strains in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The problem is that there isnt much scientific evidence that metronidazole actually helps some of the conditions its being used for. In the past, metronidazole was commonly used to treat infections caused by the protozoan parasites Giardia and Tritrichomonas, which are known to cause diarrhea in cats and dogs. Please let us know all the ways you would like to hear from us: You can change your mind at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in the footer of any email you receive from us, or by contacting us at [emailprotected] We will treat your information with respect. This article had helpful info and advice that I trust. Common symptoms include: Gagging/regurgitation at the end of the cough. Lastly, if your patients microbiome is significantly dysbiotic, the introduction of beneficial microbes via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) i.e. J Feline Med Surg. A healthy digestive tract is critical to overall health and well-being. Curr Drug Metab. Support the ability of intestinal cells to function, regenerate, and respond to daily metabolic and immune challenges, Hepatic patients in need of additional enteric support as indicated by ALT, alkaline phosphatase, bile acids studies, and enteric histopathology.
", "Natural Healthy Concept products are amazing! 46, Because metronidazole has a positive effect on Crohns disease in humans, it is often used for diarrhea in dogs with IBD and other chronic diseases of the intestines, usually in combination with the steroid prednisone.47 However, researchers established in 2010 that metronidazole doesnt actually add any benefit in this scenario: prednisone plus metronidazole is no more effective for IBD than prednisone by itself.4.
3Singleton DA, Noble PJM, Snchez-Vizcano F, et al. Systemic antibiotic therapy for chronic osteomyelitis in adults. Here are some questions to ask: In many cases of canine diarrhea, the answer may be no. Consider whether metronidazole will be beneficial for your patient. Our turnaround response time for submissions is four weeks. 2017;115:478-483. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and genotoxicity of metronidazole in cats. Study Focuses on Nasal Microbiota in Horses with EHV-1, AI the newest tool in veterinary science, Pet spending exceeds $100 billion over the past year, Dawn Kingsbury, DVM, PhD, Dip. However, probiotics are like super vitamins that improve all aspects of a dogs health, ranging from enhancing immune system functioning to supporting intestinal absorption of nutrients necessary for keeping all dogs fit, happy and disease-free. "Kristina, words can hardly express my gratitude for you and your website during this past week! Questions about ordering? Get pet health tips and insights from top veterinarians delivered to your inbox weekly! Microorganisms. Clin Infect Dis. 48Shmalberg J, Montalbano C, Morelli G, Buckley GJ. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 5Chaitman J, Ziese A-L, Pilla R, et al. Top Companion Anim Med. 2019;81:128-136. The HTMA also alerts you to any toxic metal levels in your body. The materials on your site enlightened me. 15Scorza AV, Lappin MR. Metronidazole for the treatment of feline giardiasis. With so many brands on the market, we did our research to make picking the right one for your dog easy! 1995;90(3):439-448. However, this antibiotic has become a knee-jerk response to cases of diarrhea based on good theory and historical practice, rather than scientific evidence.
These colon cleanse home remedies can be incorporated into an individualized, doctor-supervised program for optimal health. ~ Daniel S. Learn More About Health Consultations with Kristina Amelong, CCT, CNC. Several studies have found that metronidazole doesnt help inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)4 or acute diarrhea in dogs.5. 12Baele M, Decostere A, Vandamme P, et al. Price in conjunction with colon cleansing (herbal laxatives, in-home enemas, and/or colon hydrotherapy). J Vet Intern Med. More severe cases may require hospitalization with: IV antibiotics and/or anti-nausea medications, Nutritional supportfeeding tubes or total parenteral nutrition, Oxygen or use of a nebulizer for dogs with CRCoV. My first phone consultation with Kristina, I was in tears, but she was so caring. 24Sekis I, Ramstead K, Rishniw M, et al. Canine coronaviruses are, however, highly contagious between dogs.
Learn More About Health Consultations with Kristina Amelong, essential oil blend specifically designed to heal a fissure, Learn More About Our Anal Fissure Healing Protocol, colon-cleansing, nutritional, and educational health products, Ten Days to Optimal Health: A Guide to Nutritional Therapy and Colon Cleansing, Support the ability of intestinal cells to function, regenerate, and respond to daily metabolic and immune challenges, Hepatic patients in need of additional enteric support. All heat sensitive products we sell are manufactured with overages that ensure label potency when exposed to extreme temperatures for short periods of time. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Along with the pathogens, most antibiotics also alter the commensal populations needed for health. 44Suez J, Zmora N, Zilberman-Schapira G, et al. The incubation period after exposure is 1-3 days. Additionally, testing your patients microbiome after a course of antibiotics (see sidebar) is recommended, especially if GI signs linger. Before submitting to IVC Journal, we ask that you familiarize yourself with our publication so that you have a strong sense of the type of articles we publish. 2010;24(2):269-277. Or could we be doing more harm than good by prescribing it? 2020;8(6). 4Jergens AE, Crandell J, Morrison JA, et al. J Feline Med Surg. Dogs, symptomatic or not, may then shed the virus in their feces for 2 weeks. 2020;7(1):e000370. ACVIM (SAIM), Tear production and good ocular hygiene in dogs and cats, Helping pet parents through the recovery process, In pets, metronidazole has been used to treat, Historically, metronidazole was effective against, Certain probiotics may help support better outcomes and reduce side effects. Front Microbiol. Side effects of probiotics in dogs is minimal to none and should never deter a dog owner from giving their dog the great health benefits of safe, high-quality probiotics.
Though some health issues, such as life-threatening bacterial infections, do require antibiotics, other conditions may resolve with supportive care alone. ORDER YOUR HTMA HOME TESTING KIT TODAY. Chat live with a licensed veterinarian, or schedule a video call to get expert advice for your pets health. The authors concluded that the use of metronidazole for such cases should be discouraged until evidence-based data demonstrate a difference in treatment outcome.48. Having any technical difficulties? 23Weiss DJ.
I saw various health practitioners without results, and felt hopeless. 2002;511(2):133-144. There are, however, vaccines for other types CIRD that are considered part of the standard recommended vaccines by the American Animal Hospital Association. On this health and wellness website you can purchase a broad array of high-quality colon-cleansing, nutritional, and educational health products. Adv Parasitol. Price Dietary Principles. Signs that a dog may be suffering an allergic reaction to one or more of the live bacteria composing probiotic supplements are intense all over itching, difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue and lips and unsteady gait. Make sure the photos are labeled and include your name, address and phone number. Unused material will be returned after due consideration. Hippocrates is often credited with the maxim, Let thy food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food. Veterinarians have long used dietary modification in disease management. Vet Med (Auckl). That was way back in 2001. 2018;19(11):902-909. Front Vet Sci. Study to Identify Genetic Risk Factors for Anal Furunculosis in German. Published online 2020. Review: Our list of the top 5 dog probiotics! You answer my questions. Improve digestive processes by facilitating breakdown of consumed food, absorption of vitamins and minerals and removal of toxic waste products, May help reduce minor food intolerances and their side effects, Reduces inflammation in the GI tract to relieve diarrhea or constipation, Increases energy levels by eliminating some chronic health conditions, Promotes manufacturing of folic acid, biotin and B vitamins, Stimulates and regulates all components of the canine immune system, Helps degrade and neutralize food toxins and carcinogens, Keeps hormone levels balanced and regulated, May reduce the risk of female dogs suffering urinary tract infections. Live chat with representatives when available.
2014;9(4):e94699. Thanks again!" Prebiotic fibers such as inulin and psyllium may help by feeding beneficial bacterial populations while also firming up the stool. 46Upcroft P, Upcroft JA. 1987;55(11):2689-2694. "Only business I call. nov., isolated from feline stomach mucosa.
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Just an FYI. Especially with early veterinary intervention and supportive care, most dogs quickly recover. 2019;6:163. Teratogenicity has been recorded in rodents, though not humans.22 Rare idiosyncratic reactions in dogs have included pancytopenia.23 In cats, metronidazole has been found to cause reversible DNA damage to lymphocytes.24 Given long term and at a high dose in female mice, tumor-promoting effects are documented, and its carcinogenic potential has been questioned in people.25,26. Depending on the severity, some dogs may receive outpatient treatment such as: Probiotics to re-establish gastrointestinal flora, Anti-inflammatories and/or cough medicine for coughing in dogs with CRCoV. Youll also have full control over your Auto Ship delivery schedule. Being bactericidal, metronidazole has the potential to work faster and more efficiently than other antibiotics (e.g. Stress Resistance Development and Genome-Wide Transcriptional Response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Adapted to Sublethal Thymol, Carvacrol, and trans-Cinnamaldehyde. Learn more about Mailchimp's privacy practices here. 2019;25(12):1927-1938. doi:10.1093/ibd/izz130. A probiotic formulas CFU is the total amount of bacterium in the formula. That was when I started researching in earnest the correct direction toward therapeutic enemas, rather than the usual one-shot approach to basically just clean out the lower colon due to constipation, etc. Be sure to include your name, address, phone number, FAX number and/or e-mail address on your manuscript. 11Langlois DK, Koenigshof AM, Mani R. Metronidazole treatment of acute diarrhea in dogs: A randomized double blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. Probiotics are live bacteria presented in capsule or liquid form that provide numerous benefits to a dogs overall health. Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa. Instead of giving up, I got proactive and went back to my macrobiotic diet along with regular high colonics with your equipment and got my immune system running at 100%. ~ Greg K. Symptoms of canine coronavirus vary based on the strain. I was recently diagnosed with a large anal fissure after 30+ days of pain (and misdiagnosis and treatment for something I didn't have). Dogs weighing more than 50 pounds can handle between two and five billion CFUs per day. Respiratory canine coronavirus spreads through the air and enters the lungs. Lifestyle Vaccines: What Are They and Which Does Your Pet Need. according to the following recommendations, or as otherwise directed. 8Marks SL, Kather EJ. ~ Maria R. "I thought I was knowledgeable about coffee enemas until I spoke with Kristina. J Feline Med Surg. Its also a good idea to divide dosages into two parts to be given at mealtimes. It is also important to quarantine symptomatic dogs to prevent the spread of either strain of canine coronavirus to other dogs. "I just wanted you to know that thanks to you, I got my life back. It took a while, as I believe I suffered from chemical poisoning from working on a huge tomato farm and inadvertently inhaling Roundup herbicide. Join them by signing up for our newsletter. Learn More About Our Anal Fissure Healing Protocol. Auto Ship & Earn is unavailable for this item. 2018;19(3):368-374. 2008;58(Pt 2):357-364. And as the authors pointed out, most cases of diarrhea in dogs resolve in a few days regardless of treatment.11, Another study that looked at treating acute diarrhea in dogs found no significant difference between metronidazole and a placebo. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01095-13. 2018;84(22). The information presented on this site is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information found on any product label or packaging. 45Martinez-Lopez LM, Pepper A, Pilla R, Woodward A, Suchodolski J, Mansfield C. Effect of Sequentially Fed High Protein, Hydrolysed Protein, and High Fibre Diets on The Faecal Microbiota of Healthy Dogs: A Cross-Over Study. Int J Food Microbiol. This depends on the type and severity of the dogs health condition. Gut Pathog. Int J Infect Dis.
It's amazing to have control over my health and life again!" 2017;8:625. Pharmaceutical Prescription in Canine Acute Diarrhoea: A Longitudinal Electronic Health Record Analysis of First Opinion Veterinary Practices. And yet, even without strong scientific evidence of its effectiveness, metronidazole has become the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial agent for acute diarrhea in dogs.3 Here are three common situations in which research has found metronidazole to be the wrong choice. Antimicrobial prescriptions and adherence to prudent use guidelines for selected canine diseases in Switzerland in 2016. We will respond to every email as quickly as we can.
If you are sending your submission by regular mail, please also enclose a SASE and keep a copy of the article for your own files. For example, dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis are often given antibiotics, but according to veterinary consensus guidelines, antibiotics are appropriate for this condition only when sepsis is present.17,18 Researchers have found that as long as sepsis is not involved, even hemorrhagic gastroenteritis responds just as well to supportive care as to antibiotics.19, In fact, several studies have shown that metronidazole can actually make diarrhea worse, not only by reducing populations of good anaerobic bacteria, but also by altering the intestinal mucus.20,21, Most medications have potential adverse side effects. Use the dropdown menu on each product page or in your cart to choose how often you want an item delivered with Auto Ship. This unique protocol is outlined as a 35-day, step-by-step program in Kristina's book, Ten Days to Optimal Health: A Guide to Nutritional Therapy and Colon Cleansing. Canine Enteric Support from Standard Process is a great supplement for those looking to provide digestive support for their dog. 26Adil M, Iqbal W, Adnan F, et al. 2007;94(9/10):214. When a dog has canine enteric coronavirus (CECoV), the virus travels to the intestinal cells and replicates quickly, destroying those cells in the process. Healthy dogs were medicated with a 14-day course of metronidazole; more than 50% developed diarrhea during treatment. Evaluation of silymarin in the treatment on asymptomatic Giardia infections in dogs. Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) is part of the complex disease called Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease, or CIRD. Enteric canine coronavirus spreads through feces and causes damage to the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. Updated on September 6, 2020 5 minute read. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr.
Topics include how to perform a home colon cleanse, chronic stress and adrenal fatigue, how to treat anal fissures, yeast infections, chronic constipation relief, fibromyalgia, coffee enema instructions, hypothyroidism, infant constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, Lyme disease, prostate health, seasonal allergies, and weight loss. Dawn Kingsbury has practiced general and specialty companion animal medicine around the world. Acta Vet Scand. ~ Wendy C. "I've struggled with debilitating chronic constipation for years, unable to work or have a life.
Holly received her PhD from UC Davis and was a postdoctoral scholar at UC Berkeley. doi:10.21767/2575-7733.1000048. You should always consult with a qualified health care professional before starting any exercise, diet or supplement regimen. Effects of metronidazole on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs.
In both human and veterinary medicine, it has cured life-threatening anaerobic infections. Because past research has found metronidazole to be effective against certain causes of diarrhea in dogs, it has become many veterinarians go-to treatment for diarrhea in general. 28Pichler L. Teratogenicity in dogs and cats-a review for practitioners and toxicologists. We offer some of the most proven colon cleanse products for sale online. Since then, Ive found the products for sale on your site are excellent quality, shipped promptly, and packed very professionally. 6Spellberg B, Lipsky BA. Appl Environ Microbiol. In addition to breakdown and absorption of nutrients, digestive health can also have a significant impact on other body systems (immune system, liver, bone marrow, or adrenal glands). A healthy digestive tract is critical to overall health and well-being. In coordination with our lab partner, Analytical Research Labs, we supply Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis (HTMA) home testing kits to our clients, along with a complimentary follow-up consultation to assess the results. "I couldn't be more pleased with the prices and excellent service provided. But there is little evidence that it actually helps acute, nonspecific diarrhea (diarrhea with an undetermined cause) a category that represents the majority of diarrhea cases in both cats and dogs. Feel free to give us a call at (608) 242-0200 for assistance. She regularly contributes to AnimalBiomes pet health blog posts. Clin Microbiol Rev. Do not, however, send book-length manuscripts. 9Wetterwik K-J, Trowald-Wigh G, Fernstrm L-L, Krovacek K. Clostridium difficile in faeces from healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea. Given the plethora of amassing scientific evidence, diet is cemented as the foundation of health. For example, diarrhea often equates with dysbiosis. More serious, though less common, adverse effects include lethargy, weakness, hepatopathy, central nervous system signs such as nystagmus, head tilt, loss of balance and coordination, stumbling, knuckling, or even seizures. Probiotics are typically given to dogs suffering GI tract illnesses, chronic diarrhea or diarrhea associated with antibiotic use. 10Chon J-W, Seo K-H, Bae D, Park J-H, Khan S, Sung K. Prevalence, toxin gene profile, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens from diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs in Korea. Canine coronavirus often causes mild or hard-to-spot symptoms; however, it can be fatal under certain conditions. Giving dogs human probiotic supplements may cause side effects that include vomiting, severe diarrhea and dehydration. Metronidazole is an extremely useful antibiotic and antiprotozoal agent thats been around since the 1950s.