0000005050 00000 n
We now have all the data needed for a simplified pump chart. Fire hose friction loss is the effect of the resistance of water against the inside of the fire hose, resulting in a drop in pressure at the terminal end. This creates several issues when you teach a nationally accepted method for determining friction loss, then put a flow meter on it and find that you're actually 20 pounds off, said Goodman. Its their mistaken belief that knowing how the watch is constructed is important for the watch owner to know before they learn how to tell time using the watch. 0000015765 00000 n
0000143594 00000 n
Store on-site or have us haul your loaded container to its final destination. The Physics of Fireground Hydraulics. This is multiplied by the square of the volume flow (gpm) and hose length (L) to get total friction loss. 0000009148 00000 n
This page was generated at 08:45 AM. 
These will give you the FL for a certain gpm measurement, which you can then use in calculating pump discharge pressure. Friction loss is also present in pipes and hose fittings as well. 0000000016 00000 n
Store and transport your fire hose with care. Easily configure the options for the hose type, diameter, color, length, and coupling! It should be said that calculating friction losses using a mathematical formula is not always the best way to operate on a fire scene, when time is of the essence. Source: University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Easy Access. We Do The Driving Advancements in hose fabrication have reduced friction loss, and using outdated calculations could cause excessively high pump discharge pressures. Containers are delivered to your business or home, eliminating you from renting a truck and mini storage for your project. 0000003057 00000 n
We are in the process of changing Friction loss calculation to CQ2L and this was the logical first step. 0000169634 00000 n
4 0 obj
Avoid kinks and make sure there is plenty of air circulation. You can simplify your calculations and still arrive at a working pump discharge pressure suitable to the situation at hand. BFA&P8i}K@$v$?fs]668,8XK@$eA~01lW@t7Pn
\x0f?`pp!pAF.%$Ml "%E@u/&^V*^4^{OMEC0)}WmJ. eFa_qdZ0rbd!Pto7X): HM~an@0!m.S D C7Xo
D~#+> There is no set friction loss for any one size of hose. The c term is the so-called friction loss factor and measures the pressure loss per 100 feet. The hand method is not precise, but it will get you close to where you need to be when a fire is blazing. San Joaquin County. But what is fire hose friction loss, and how do you calculate it? = 7.07) for handline and 80psi (sq. Glad to see someone actually doing the math back to find the actual coefficients! All The Space You Need It's the most comprehensive and trusted online destination for fire service professionals worldwide. 0000069034 00000 n
April 2011. To be honest, I don't know what brands of hose we are using. What are your experiences? 0000007225 00000 n
<>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
Another reason measurements are so important is that standard industry estimates for FL calculations are outdated and seriously overstated. However, determining the pump discharge pressure for each line requires the operator to know the gallons per minute (gpm) flow, which will be determined by the selected nozzle. There are protocols established by the NFPA, but basically they appear as in Figure 1. finds relevant news, identifies important training information, %PDF-1.5
Once the pump operator knows what the desired gpm is, then they must know what size hoses are being used, the lengths of the hoses and any appliances that are part of the hose layout, such as a gated wye.
During testing, the difference between the pitot gauges measures FL in psi. Chief Avsec earned his bachelors degree from the University of Cincinnati and his masters degree in executive fire service leadership from Grand Canyon University. Next calculate the theoretical volume flow (gpm) based on the equation: gpm = 29.72 Dt2 NP1/2 where Dt is the diameter of the nozzle tip in inches. In the field, its more helpful to understand how to figure out fire hose friction loss without resorting to paper and pencil. To figure the required discharge pressure, add up all friction loss in the hose and any appliances plus the required nozzle pressure. 0000005539 00000 n trailer 0000091253 00000 n For example, 200 feet of 1-inch hose with a smooth bore 78-inch tip and 50-psi NP pumping at 161 gpm has a 49-psi friction loss. In reality, understanding friction loss and its place in properly supplying hose lines and fire streams is not that daunting of a task. Copyright 2022 Per Goodman, the only way to truly determine an accurate PDP for a specific pumper is to test each discharge with a flow meter. 0000008920 00000 n
Finally, the pump operator can calculate the friction loss, which helps them to deliver water at the right flow rate and pressure for the crew to fight the fire safely and effectively. 0000001518 00000 n
Maintaining pressure while reducing tip size will reduce friction loss, and maintaining tip size while reducing pressure will also reduce friction loss. 
0000008678 00000 n
0000005606 00000 n
Most 100-psi adjustable fog nozzles for use with 1-inch hose have four settings: 95 gpm, 125 gpm, 150 gpm and 200 gpm.
We'll pick up your loaded container and bring it to one of our local storage facilities. 2. If we could revive dead people as well as some can revive dead threads, maybe we'd be the highest paid profession in this country. Most of the fog nozzles have flow rates ranging from 95 to 200 gpm. Dont assume that the same type of hose on another discharge port has the same flow rate and friction loss. One of the pump operators critical tasks is determining what pump discharge pressure to set for each supply or hand line. xref
According to Goodman, there's a grassroots effort to update the standards, as well as working with the manufacturers, to bring some consistency to those internal diameters and anticipated friction loss within the internal plumbing of fire apparatus. Pump operators should commit these five friction loss principles to memory. startxref
Truly understanding friction loss is critical for all pump operators, and its frequently presented to new pump operators as something akin to understanding quantum physics. The best way to determine friction loss charecteristics for your particular hose is through flow tests using inline pressure gauges and flow meters. 1. 0000112254 00000 n
0000002341 00000 n
Our containers allow you to do your move at your own pace making do-it-yourself moving easy and stress free. Thus, the friction loss per 100 feet of 1-inch hose when flowing 95 gpm is 14 psi; for a 200-foot line, your friction loss is 28. 53 0 obj <>
endobj
Copyright 2022 FireRescue1. Valdosta (GA) Fire Department Purchases Demo Truck to Avoid Supply Chain Fourth East Fork (NV) Ambulance Put in Service. Finally, imagine 12 at your palm (for 1 hose). 53 17
Replacing the hose with a larger diameter fire hose will reduce the friction loss because it increases the volume of water compared to the interior sides of the hose. 0000005064 00000 n
The readings on the two pitot gauges should be the same; otherwise, there is an elevation difference. Keep it clean after coming into contact with dirt, oil, and chemicals, and protect the outer jacket from abrasions. So, how do you directly measure FL? Express shipping options available. X;$?azu= 0
All three factors must be considered. x[$7r;c.%oy151VHc1zKyfd?dE?Hf]tW2xyww_^O,B^h;-O. Armed with that information, the pump operator can then calculate the friction loss, the remaining ingredient for getting the right mixture to their firefighting colleagues. High-quality fire hose will contain a smoother lining and finer weave than aged hose. %
Multiply 2 by 12 to get 24; your friction loss is 24 psi. Theoretical calculations are generally best used for pre-fire planning, developing specifications for pumping apparatus and calculating problems ahead of time, such as creating pump charts. By selecting a combination of gpm and NR, a pump chart gives you the required nozzle and discharge pressure. Click here to find out. Friction loss is determined by the gpm flowing, the size of the hose and the length of the hose. He was an instructor for fire, EMSand hazardous materials courses at the local, state and federal levels, which included more than 10 years with the National Fire Academy. The textbooks say 1 3/4"=15.5, manufacturers claim lower coefficients. 0000112518 00000 n
Also use a flowmeter to measure volume flow at each NP. You can access fire hose friction loss charts or cheat sheets for the most common hose sizes. 0000004951 00000 n
Is your hose made in the USA?
Our containers make any commercial or household project cost effective. of NP) & FL=(C)(Q^2)(Hose length/100) In both cases (Q^2) is Volume/100, squared. My fire service colleague with the Henrico County (Va.) Division of Fire, Taylor Goodman, offers another perspective on friction loss. Read the pressure of the pitot gauge at the discharge gate and record the numbers. Also, make sure the hose isnt punctured or pierced, and check it regularly.
THese are what I've found, using pitot gages and the standard formulas: GPM=(29.83)(0.97)(D^2)(sq. 0000001966 00000 n My pump operator instructors focused early on developing my skills in using such tools as the hand method for calculating friction loss. 62 0 obj <> endobj This translates to a c factor of 9.5 psi per 100 feet. Even pumpers ordered from the same manufacturer using the same spec can have differences in their internal plumbing, said Goodman, resulting in different required PDPs [pump discharge pressures] from one engine to another.. Consider the equation: FL = c (gpm/100)2 L/100. It is the operators responsibility to know the friction loss (FL) so he may control NP by adjusting pump discharge pressure (PDP). Get actionable insights from your fire RMS software. If you need 125 gpm on 100 feet of hose, that corresponds to number 2 on your finger. There are two ways to calculate friction loss: the theoretical method or the fireground method. Note: The Fire Protection Research Foundationand others believe that standard rules of thumb regarding fire hose friction loss calculations may be too conservative, as they are based on dated hose technology. 2 0 obj At c=15.5, the FL for 200 feet of 1-inch hose is calculated to be 80 psi, or 40 psi per 100 feet. 0000044255 00000 n 0000112696 00000 n All rights reserved. %PDF-1.4 % ?o?b?/~"pI}6]k~r''H6ABhMY,p dho&5h0o]=JM4'rT_r_Jp'-?sPl*}^(qo3oQt/W}Fob}}}_G?G]xE>/?^slOqh Enter https://www.firerescue1.com/ and click OK. $J^\Mu*5l[WuO{2@3q\fI2dfv_1T~`>t,y4+rb !Yp4X. Use this difference to adjust the FL measurements. %%EOF Just give us a ring at (209) 531-9010 for more info. LAWRENCE P. HAWKINS is a retired businessman and volunteer firefighter. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) uses an estimate of c=15.5 for 1-inch hose, as do many fire departments as well as hose manufacturers in their published FL tables. The Importance of Friction Loss and Flow Testing, Los Angeles County (CA) Fire Department Updates Firefighting Aircraft Fleet, Nolensville (TN) Fire and Rescue Department Considers Station Needs, Newly Released Video Show Scene Before Three People Killed in Kansas City (MO) Fire Truck Crash, Rural Metro Fire Knox County (TN) Puts Most Expensive Fire Truck, Ever, in Service.
rt. What happens if you use c=15.5 and the actual is c=9.5? C'}eWxr i8Ax~~82m"UhQD:Aic;~u}K)i^I`MQ&6 92![0.Ghqv{FRwHOXn,`VFpG. $v( rt. Clearly, the pump operator needs accurate FL measures to properly do the job. and suppliers. 0000003757 00000 n endstream endobj 54 0 obj<>/Metadata 5 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 4 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/StructTreeRoot 7 0 R/Type/Catalog/Lang(EN-US)/LastModified(D:20060204114419)/PageLabels 2 0 R>> endobj 55 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 56 0 obj<> endobj 57 0 obj<> endobj 58 0 obj[/ICCBased 62 0 R] endobj 59 0 obj<>stream Just memorize the friction loss for the gallonagesettings on the nozzles used in your department. When you need to calculate friction loss, find your desired gpm and multiply by 12. 0000145801 00000 n My department recently did coefficient testing on our primary attack hose and came up with coefficients of 11.65 for 1 3/4 and 1.33 for 2 1/2.
These will give you the FL for a certain gpm measurement, which you can then use in calculating pump discharge pressure. Friction loss is also present in pipes and hose fittings as well. 0000000016 00000 n
Store and transport your fire hose with care. Easily configure the options for the hose type, diameter, color, length, and coupling! It should be said that calculating friction losses using a mathematical formula is not always the best way to operate on a fire scene, when time is of the essence. Source: University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Easy Access. We Do The Driving Advancements in hose fabrication have reduced friction loss, and using outdated calculations could cause excessively high pump discharge pressures. Containers are delivered to your business or home, eliminating you from renting a truck and mini storage for your project. 0000003057 00000 n
We are in the process of changing Friction loss calculation to CQ2L and this was the logical first step. 0000169634 00000 n
4 0 obj
Avoid kinks and make sure there is plenty of air circulation. You can simplify your calculations and still arrive at a working pump discharge pressure suitable to the situation at hand. BFA&P8i}K@$v$?fs]668,8XK@$eA~01lW@t7Pn
\x0f?`pp!pAF.%$Ml "%E@u/&^V*^4^{OMEC0)}WmJ. eFa_qdZ0rbd!Pto7X): HM~an@0!m.S D C7Xo
D~#+> There is no set friction loss for any one size of hose. The c term is the so-called friction loss factor and measures the pressure loss per 100 feet. The hand method is not precise, but it will get you close to where you need to be when a fire is blazing. San Joaquin County. But what is fire hose friction loss, and how do you calculate it? = 7.07) for handline and 80psi (sq. Glad to see someone actually doing the math back to find the actual coefficients! All The Space You Need It's the most comprehensive and trusted online destination for fire service professionals worldwide. 0000069034 00000 n
April 2011. To be honest, I don't know what brands of hose we are using. What are your experiences? 0000007225 00000 n
<>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
Another reason measurements are so important is that standard industry estimates for FL calculations are outdated and seriously overstated. However, determining the pump discharge pressure for each line requires the operator to know the gallons per minute (gpm) flow, which will be determined by the selected nozzle. There are protocols established by the NFPA, but basically they appear as in Figure 1. finds relevant news, identifies important training information, %PDF-1.5
Once the pump operator knows what the desired gpm is, then they must know what size hoses are being used, the lengths of the hoses and any appliances that are part of the hose layout, such as a gated wye. During testing, the difference between the pitot gauges measures FL in psi. Chief Avsec earned his bachelors degree from the University of Cincinnati and his masters degree in executive fire service leadership from Grand Canyon University. Next calculate the theoretical volume flow (gpm) based on the equation: gpm = 29.72 Dt2 NP1/2 where Dt is the diameter of the nozzle tip in inches. In the field, its more helpful to understand how to figure out fire hose friction loss without resorting to paper and pencil. To figure the required discharge pressure, add up all friction loss in the hose and any appliances plus the required nozzle pressure. 0000005539 00000 n trailer 0000091253 00000 n For example, 200 feet of 1-inch hose with a smooth bore 78-inch tip and 50-psi NP pumping at 161 gpm has a 49-psi friction loss. In reality, understanding friction loss and its place in properly supplying hose lines and fire streams is not that daunting of a task. Copyright 2022 Per Goodman, the only way to truly determine an accurate PDP for a specific pumper is to test each discharge with a flow meter. 0000008920 00000 n
Finally, the pump operator can calculate the friction loss, which helps them to deliver water at the right flow rate and pressure for the crew to fight the fire safely and effectively. 0000001518 00000 n
Maintaining pressure while reducing tip size will reduce friction loss, and maintaining tip size while reducing pressure will also reduce friction loss. 0000008678 00000 n
0000005606 00000 n
Most 100-psi adjustable fog nozzles for use with 1-inch hose have four settings: 95 gpm, 125 gpm, 150 gpm and 200 gpm. We'll pick up your loaded container and bring it to one of our local storage facilities. 2. If we could revive dead people as well as some can revive dead threads, maybe we'd be the highest paid profession in this country. Most of the fog nozzles have flow rates ranging from 95 to 200 gpm. Dont assume that the same type of hose on another discharge port has the same flow rate and friction loss. One of the pump operators critical tasks is determining what pump discharge pressure to set for each supply or hand line. xref
According to Goodman, there's a grassroots effort to update the standards, as well as working with the manufacturers, to bring some consistency to those internal diameters and anticipated friction loss within the internal plumbing of fire apparatus. Pump operators should commit these five friction loss principles to memory. startxref
Truly understanding friction loss is critical for all pump operators, and its frequently presented to new pump operators as something akin to understanding quantum physics. The best way to determine friction loss charecteristics for your particular hose is through flow tests using inline pressure gauges and flow meters. 1. 0000112254 00000 n
0000002341 00000 n
Our containers allow you to do your move at your own pace making do-it-yourself moving easy and stress free. Thus, the friction loss per 100 feet of 1-inch hose when flowing 95 gpm is 14 psi; for a 200-foot line, your friction loss is 28. 53 0 obj <>
endobj
Copyright 2022 FireRescue1. Valdosta (GA) Fire Department Purchases Demo Truck to Avoid Supply Chain Fourth East Fork (NV) Ambulance Put in Service. Finally, imagine 12 at your palm (for 1 hose). 53 17
Replacing the hose with a larger diameter fire hose will reduce the friction loss because it increases the volume of water compared to the interior sides of the hose. 0000005064 00000 n
The readings on the two pitot gauges should be the same; otherwise, there is an elevation difference. Keep it clean after coming into contact with dirt, oil, and chemicals, and protect the outer jacket from abrasions. So, how do you directly measure FL? Express shipping options available. X;$?azu= 0
All three factors must be considered. x[$7r;c.%oy151VHc1zKyfd?dE?Hf]tW2xyww_^O,B^h;-O. Armed with that information, the pump operator can then calculate the friction loss, the remaining ingredient for getting the right mixture to their firefighting colleagues. High-quality fire hose will contain a smoother lining and finer weave than aged hose. %
Multiply 2 by 12 to get 24; your friction loss is 24 psi. Theoretical calculations are generally best used for pre-fire planning, developing specifications for pumping apparatus and calculating problems ahead of time, such as creating pump charts. By selecting a combination of gpm and NR, a pump chart gives you the required nozzle and discharge pressure. Click here to find out. Friction loss is determined by the gpm flowing, the size of the hose and the length of the hose. He was an instructor for fire, EMSand hazardous materials courses at the local, state and federal levels, which included more than 10 years with the National Fire Academy. The textbooks say 1 3/4"=15.5, manufacturers claim lower coefficients. 0000112518 00000 n
Also use a flowmeter to measure volume flow at each NP. You can access fire hose friction loss charts or cheat sheets for the most common hose sizes. 0000004951 00000 n
Is your hose made in the USA? Our containers make any commercial or household project cost effective. of NP) & FL=(C)(Q^2)(Hose length/100) In both cases (Q^2) is Volume/100, squared. My fire service colleague with the Henrico County (Va.) Division of Fire, Taylor Goodman, offers another perspective on friction loss. Read the pressure of the pitot gauge at the discharge gate and record the numbers. Also, make sure the hose isnt punctured or pierced, and check it regularly.
THese are what I've found, using pitot gages and the standard formulas: GPM=(29.83)(0.97)(D^2)(sq. 0000001966 00000 n My pump operator instructors focused early on developing my skills in using such tools as the hand method for calculating friction loss. 62 0 obj <> endobj This translates to a c factor of 9.5 psi per 100 feet. Even pumpers ordered from the same manufacturer using the same spec can have differences in their internal plumbing, said Goodman, resulting in different required PDPs [pump discharge pressures] from one engine to another.. Consider the equation: FL = c (gpm/100)2 L/100. It is the operators responsibility to know the friction loss (FL) so he may control NP by adjusting pump discharge pressure (PDP). Get actionable insights from your fire RMS software. If you need 125 gpm on 100 feet of hose, that corresponds to number 2 on your finger. There are two ways to calculate friction loss: the theoretical method or the fireground method. Note: The Fire Protection Research Foundationand others believe that standard rules of thumb regarding fire hose friction loss calculations may be too conservative, as they are based on dated hose technology. 2 0 obj At c=15.5, the FL for 200 feet of 1-inch hose is calculated to be 80 psi, or 40 psi per 100 feet. 0000044255 00000 n 0000112696 00000 n All rights reserved. %PDF-1.4 % ?o?b?/~"pI}6]k~r''H6ABhMY,p dho&5h0o]=JM4'rT_r_Jp'-?sPl*}^(qo3oQt/W}Fob}}}_G?G]xE>/?^slOqh Enter https://www.firerescue1.com/ and click OK. $J^\Mu*5l[WuO{2@3q\fI2dfv_1T~`>t,y4+rb !Yp4X. Use this difference to adjust the FL measurements. %%EOF Just give us a ring at (209) 531-9010 for more info. LAWRENCE P. HAWKINS is a retired businessman and volunteer firefighter. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) uses an estimate of c=15.5 for 1-inch hose, as do many fire departments as well as hose manufacturers in their published FL tables. The Importance of Friction Loss and Flow Testing, Los Angeles County (CA) Fire Department Updates Firefighting Aircraft Fleet, Nolensville (TN) Fire and Rescue Department Considers Station Needs, Newly Released Video Show Scene Before Three People Killed in Kansas City (MO) Fire Truck Crash, Rural Metro Fire Knox County (TN) Puts Most Expensive Fire Truck, Ever, in Service.
rt. What happens if you use c=15.5 and the actual is c=9.5? C'}eWxr i8Ax~~82m"UhQD:Aic;~u}K)i^I`MQ&6 92![0.Ghqv{FRwHOXn,`VFpG. $v( rt. Clearly, the pump operator needs accurate FL measures to properly do the job. and suppliers. 0000003757 00000 n endstream endobj 54 0 obj<>/Metadata 5 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 4 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/StructTreeRoot 7 0 R/Type/Catalog/Lang(EN-US)/LastModified(D:20060204114419)/PageLabels 2 0 R>> endobj 55 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 56 0 obj<> endobj 57 0 obj<> endobj 58 0 obj[/ICCBased 62 0 R] endobj 59 0 obj<>stream Just memorize the friction loss for the gallonagesettings on the nozzles used in your department. When you need to calculate friction loss, find your desired gpm and multiply by 12. 0000145801 00000 n My department recently did coefficient testing on our primary attack hose and came up with coefficients of 11.65 for 1 3/4 and 1.33 for 2 1/2.