The part transformed to alcohol represents the yield of 250380l ton1 of bamboo [94] while that of sugar cane, when compared gave an average yield of 70l of alcohol ton1 [95]. The silane coupling treatment has been found to significantly improve the impact fatigue strength of the composites [66].
Activated carbon is employed in the decolourisation of sugar and sweeteners, drinking water treatment, gold recovery, production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, catalytic process, off-gas treatment of waste incinerators, automotive vapour filters, colour/odour correction in wines and fruit juices. Bamboo provides food, shelter and medicine and serves as raw material for many industries. Laminated bamboo furniture is on the rise rapidly in the world especially Asia.
Recent studies have shown that bamboo species are also a good source of quality activated carbon, which can find application in medicine, foods, chemical and metallurgical industries. Various craft products made of bamboo are baskets, tools, handles, hats, traditional toys, mat, flooring material, purses, bags, satchels, tea packaging, floor tiles, general household product, furniture, utensils, musical instruments, etc. Silane coupling agents have a hydrophilic structure with different groups attached to the silicon atoms that can act as a bridge; one end is interacting with the matrix and the other end reacting with the hydrophilic fibres [64]. The aboveground biomass of bamboo in the Philippines was first reported as 146.8Mgha1year1 (Suzuki and Jacalne [119]).
It attains maturity in 3years as compared to wood, which takes almost more than 20years.
5 Day Visit Ajanta, Ellora & Temple tour. Recently in another study, a solvent (concentrated phosphoric acid) and organic solvent (95% ethanol)-based lignocellulose fractionation (COSLIF) methods have been developed to pre-treat bamboo [34]. It serves as a substitute for wood charcoal or mineral coal and has been reported to possess absorption capacity which is six times that of wood charcoal of the same weight [3, 14]. In another study, Kushwaha and Kumar [69] investigated the effect of silanes on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre-epoxy composites. The demand for a substitute to resources associated with environmental problems has brought about a strong interest in the use of raw materials and products that are renewable, sustainable and biocompatible. A functional silane was employed as a coupling agent to enhance the interfacial adhesion between bamboo fibre and polylactic acid [68]. Besides, bamboo is also a material of high plasticity and easy to combine with other materials. The result revealed that coupling agent enhanced the affinity between fibre and polyvinyl matrix by lowering down the interfacial tension. Anwar etal. It creates a rough fibre surface, activates hydroxyl groups and improves the fibre tensile strength. Some studies have revealed bamboo to produce higher biomass yield than other lignocelluloses crops with a growth rate ranging from 30 to 60cm/day and height of about 36m in growing season [28].
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Its natural hollow form makes bamboo an obvious choice for many traditional instruments. Traveler | Ex-pat | Failing polymath | Career generalist | Frumpy snarky dude whos interested in far too many topics | PB&T creator | Top 1000 Writer. The mechanical properties of bamboo are strongly affected by the age, species and humidity. Lu etal. Another significant product from bamboo is activated carbon. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene was chosen, supported as a compatibiliser to improve adhesion between fibre and matrix. 
Hong etal. For instance, there are some situations where bamboo is used as poles for aerial antenna, electrification, rafters, fishing traps, yam stakes, etc. Table 5 shows some typical bamboo species and parts used for this purpose [78]. Home > Books > Bamboo - Current and Future Prospects, Submitted: October 6th, 2016 Reviewed: March 9th, 2018 Published: May 30th, 2018, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. In many overpopulated regions of the tropics, certain bamboos supply the one suitable material that is sufficiently cheap and plentiful to meet the great need for economical housing [103].
Top 10 exporter of bamboo globally in 2009 [10]. Lee and Wang [70] used lysine-based diisocyanate (LDI) as a coupling agent for polylactic acid/bamboo fibre and poly(butylenes succinate)/bamboo fibre composites which improved their tensile and water resistance properties. Maleic anhydride grafting onto poly(l-lactic acid) balanced the improvements of stiffness and ductility, exhibiting best overall properties [67]. Although some of these applications are very limited in scope, continuous researches on bamboo can increase their potential and induce their aggressive interest in many more areas. Liu etal. Bamboo paper has a high tear index, similar to that of hardwood paper, and its brightness and optical properties remain stable, while those of wood derived paper may deteriorate over time. Its use varies from domestic household products to industrial applications, from medicine to nutrition and from toys to aircraft production. 
Afghani designer Massoud Hassani invented a wind powered bamboo minesweeper that can potentially save thousands of lives. Given its proprieties, bamboo continues to be used for the production of new products. It has been reported that the density of bamboo varies from 500 to 800kg/m3 depending on anatomical structures such as quantity and distribution of fibres around vascular bundles [4], with its maximum density usually obtained from 3years old culms [5, 6]. Other bamboo furniture products are beds, cupboard, table, upholstery chairs [75], ply bamboo, laminated bamboo, mat ply bamboo, curtains ply bamboo, laminated bamboo strips, mat curtain plywood, bamboo chipboard, floor tiles and composites.
He etal.
Besides, it is recognised as an industrial raw material globally and has tremendous potentials for economic development of nations [75]. Its brightness and optical properties remain stable while those papers make from wood may deteriorate over time. Hence, it is a suitable absorbent. Also, bamboo pipes do not contaminate the water being conveyed and do not react with the soil; unlike the other assorted materials, thus preventing the excessive cost of treating the water being conveyed for the various human and animal uses [101]. Bamboo is brilliant, just watch the video! British expats are hoping to ease traffic congestion, parking and pollution problems with their new eco-friendly "Bamboo Treecycle" invention which is proving to be a big hit. Learn on the go with our new app. [8, 12, 13].
This adoption is due to its environmental benefits, fast growth and high annual biomass yield. [21] reported that bio-ethanol production from bamboo can also follow the general process for ethanol production from other lignocellulosic materials, which including pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Marco Polo was the first to reveal the domestic value and importance of bamboo to the Western World trough his historic travels in Asia. [67] carried out a comparative study on the effect of alkali soaking, silane coupling agent and maleic anhydride grafting on the mechanical properties of cellulose/poly(l-lactic acid) composites. Bamboo being trees that grow and mature in a very short period of time can secure continuous supply of cheap tree and fibres compared to other woody biomasses. Can this electric powered bamboo tricycle provide solutions to traffic congestion and air pollution in China?
It is also given internally for treatment of bronchitis, gonorrhoea and fever. They present versatile structure produced by physical and mechanical properties and low specific weight [2].
The high contents of starch and cellulose, 7085% of the stem, have given bamboo an advantage as an alternative source of alcohol production. Bamboo rayon-copper nanoparticle composite fabric was also prepared using acrylic acid-grafted bamboo rayon revealed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which was durable until 50 washings [55]. The same trend in the properties of permanganate- and benzoylation-treated bamboo fibre polyester composites was observed [61]. Bamboo fibres could also be modified by atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) technique. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Natural plant fibres have unequivocally contributed to economic prosperity and sustainability in our daily lives [1]. Different authors have investigated different species and bamboo parts. Activated charcoal is used as a deodorant, purifier, disinfectant, medicine, agricultural chemicals and an absorbent of pollution and excessive moisture. This biomass possesses high potential as a substitute for many lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic materials in various capacities of applications owing to its chemical composition as well as its physical properties. Dilute acid pre-treatment of bamboo shoots shell fibre (BSSF) and bamboo stem and leaf (BSL) have been investigated for xylose and glucose yields [42]. Bamboo beverage and beer have been widely accepted mainly in Asian countries such as China, Korea and Japan. As a cheap lignocellulosic feedstock, bamboo has been adopted for bioenergy production. It is an evergreen, monocotyledonous (i.e. However, cost, energy, water, and chemical concerns in manufacturing still must be addressed. Irrigation and drainage pipes, flooring & floor covering, lamination of strip (plywood), decking, bamboo scaffolding and cladding, engineered bamboo flooring products, high-density beams and panels, composite board, particle board, bamboo prefabricated house. This process involves the initial use of an alkali solution (NaOH) to remove not only the cellulosic components but also the non-cellulosic components such as hemicellulose, lignin and pectin inside the plant fibre [1].
Bamboo grows in plains, hilly and high altitude mountainous regions, and in most kinds of soils, except alkaline soils, desert and marsh [25]. It has some ecological functions on soil erosion control, water conservation, land rehabilitation, carbon sequestration, etc. Bamboo is used to make musical instruments for thousands of years, probably as a percussion instrument at first, but later also for wind instruments and stringed instruments. These studies can provide better cultivation, harvest and processing techniques, besides analysis of mechanical and physical properties of bamboo stems. This goes from construction materials to food, medicine, musical instruments, fabrics, paper pulp, fencing, basketry, utensils, bicycles, and so on Therefor te better question would be: What products cannot be made from bamboo? The use of bamboo fibres as reinforcement in composite materials has been immensely amplified with high-tech revolution in recent years. Culms of many bamboo species secret siliceous materials, which can be used for medicine. Most of the manufacturers use this process as it requires not only a little time to yield the bamboo fibres but also less economic means mainly when compared with mechanical methods. The chemical composition of bamboo is known to be similar to that of wood, but bamboo has a higher content of minor components compared with wood [32]. Handicraft products with bamboo are exported mainly from Asian countries to other parts of the world. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM, Mayowa Akeem Azeez and Joshua Iseoluwa Orege, Bamboo building or civil construction materials, Bamboo livestock feed and ornamental plant, Bamboo chemicals and pharmaceutical products. In addition, with adequate technology, the stems can be used in the production of cellulose, bio-ethanol and starch [21]. Several studies were conducted on physical and mechanical characteristics to test the bamboo as construction material. A total of 40 of the 43 species found in Africa are majorly distributed in Madagascar while the remaining 3 species are found in mainland Africa. China and India use bamboo mainly for producing pulp and paper. In another interesting study reported by Kumar and Kumar [50], alkali treatment of bamboo fibre further increased the tensile and flexural strength of bamboo-epoxy nanocomposites by 60 and 42%, respectively, as compared to pure composites. Chemical composition of bamboo fibre [33]. It is a chemical processing raw cellulose fibre to delignify and to remove the amorphous regions. It is worthy of note that a bamboo fuelled power station is being built in Mizoram state of India to help meet the energy need of Indias northeast [93].
Various bamboo furniture products including bamboo panel, composite board and particleboard have been developed in China [76]. Its abundance, chemical composition and numerous applications are reviewed in this work. However, bamboo is a green biofuel for fighting deforestation and climate change [92]. The effect of acrylic acid-grafted bamboo rayon on the antibacterial activity of acrylic acid-grafted bamboo rayon silver nanoparticles has been reported [54].
Kumar etal. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Notably, cellulose content decreases with increase in age of bamboo. Bamboo Textiles And Fabrics: What You Need To Know Before Buying, Bamboo Beehives: A Unique Way To Make Your Own Honey. In China, bamboo forests are recognised as a massive carbon sink in the global cycles of carbon. In Central America, Bambusa vulgaris poles were used for many years to prop bananas for United Fruit. In China bamboo fiber has been used to make paper since early times, but in recent years, bamboo has emerged as an important raw material for the pulp and paper industry due to the shortage of wood resources. The multi-functional ranges of bamboo uses have shown that it may prove beneficial as a valuable and sustainable natural resource [76]. Li etal. This suggests that the fibre in the bamboo leaves enlarge the digestive tract and enable the chicken to consume more and grow faster. Safe, Simple and Comfortable House with Bamboo Rei Bamboo Wear and Its Application in Friction Materi Bamboo charcoal, bamboo charcoal briquettes, bio-methane, Bio-ethanol, Plywood, laminated bamboo board, mat ply bamboo, curtains ply bamboo, laminated wood strips, mat curtain plywood, door shutter, matchstick, bamboo clipboard, furniture and handicrafts, charcoal, Cellulose, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, starch, charcoal, flavour and preservatives, bamboo leaf tea, Floor tiles, toys, bamboo composite decking, bamboo composite fencing, bamboo composite deck tiles, bamboo composite railings, bamboo composite dustbins, bamboo composite outdoor furniture, bamboo decking accessories. ATRP is a technique, which could allow the incorporation of polymers with predetermined molecular weight onto the surfaces of particles, fibres or membranes. Bamboo plant is considered medicinal. Two manufacturing processes are currently used to make textiles from bamboo:chemical processing and mechanical processing. Bamboo internodes (the part between 2 nodes) of larger diameter bamboo species such as Guadua angustifolia or Dendrocalamus asper are very well suited to make a bamboo beehive.
Licensee IntechOpen. Bamboo stems present excellent physical and mechanical properties that can be used as a substitute for other materials such as steel aiming fabrication of concrete structures. Bamboos do not break easily, and its original shape is regained when the load subjected to it is removed. Many research and technical works have been carried out on the chemical modification of bamboo fibres to improve their properties for specialised applications [43, 44, 45, 46]. Although data on worldwide production of bamboo products are incredibly unreliable, they do not appear in significant commodity databases [8]. Its often one of the first questions people ask when they are starting to learn about this amazing plant.
[75] further reported that the current uses of bamboo in Nigeria represent only a fraction of economic activities in the country. Bamboo has been used for thousands of years by many cultures around the world. Figures of nutrient contents of Bambusa vulgarisshow it to contain crude protein (10.1g), crude fibre (21.7g), ether extract (2.5g), ash (21.3g), phosphorous (86mg), iron (13.4mg), vitamin B1 (0.1mg), vitamins B2 (2.54mg) and carotene (12.3mg)/100g).
Some bamboo-based products include house construction materials, household items, biofuel, chemical and pharmaceutical products, pulp and paper, irrigation and drainage pipes and textiles materials, panels, flooring materials, charcoal, edible shoots and other daily-use articles [75, 77]. Read on and discover some of the coolest bamboo products you probably didn't even know they existed! [33] in their studies reported the chemical composition of bamboo fibre as shown in Table 4.
At present, the bamboo utilisation in construction is of subjective form and based generally in traditional systems established in each country.
Ladapo etal. The fibres obtained were then heated for about 60min at 100C, except using 0.7% NaOH. In addition, it significantly prevented the penetration and movement of water in the composites and resulted in reduced water uptake rates and diffusion coefficients. Sign up with your email address to receive news and updates. He etal. Acrylonitrile treatment of bamboo fibre has been reported to improve the tensile, flexural and water absorption properties of acrylonitrile-treated bamboo fibre composites [49]. Artists of this continent have refined techniques that qualify these products to exigent markets. The use of drainage pipes made of various assorted materials is very common in our markets [101]. In Asia, there is a significant production of furniture of bamboo. This siliceous material is used as a cooling tonic and aphrodisiac, as a remedy for asthma and coughs [98] and other debilitating diseases.
It was thought that effective surface treatment from the silane coupling agent-improved adhesion between the polylactic acid matrix and the bamboo fibre. Many Filipinos use this bamboo to make "Kerosene Bamboo Cannons", which they use as an alternative to firecrackers, during Christmas and the New Year. They reported that the modification improved various features such as fine structure, impact strength, wetting ability, interfacial strength, mechanical properties, weathering and thermal properties of the composites [51, 52, 53]. *Address all correspondence to: mayowa.azeez@eksu.edu.ng. It is suitable for reinforcing concrete [75]. Butanol is similar to ethanol being a form of alcohol. Fact is, everything that can be made from wood can also be made with bamboo.
Bamboo greenhouses are very popular among farming communities in the tropics because a bamboo greenhouse is much more economical to build, operate and maintain compared to conventional steel framed greenhouses. Bamboo serves as an excellent alternative to wood in the manufacture of furniture.
The liquor ratio was 20, and the pH was maintained at 10.5. 2018 The Author(s).
The leaf bud of B. spinosais used in leprosy, fever and haemoptysis. Many bamboos are popularly used as ornamental plants to beautify homes and gardens. Hence, it allows an artist to express his talent in several forms. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. Unless a product is made directly with bamboo fiber (mechanically processed bamboo) it is not allowed be called bamboo. Mine Kafon is a revolutionary landmine clearer/detonator that is very cheap to make. Today we see a boom of innovative bamboo products and applications as a sustainable alternative for wood. Bamboo shoot is one vegetable that is free in pollution, low in fat and high in edible fibre and rich in mineral.
An HNO3-KClO3 method has also been used to extract fibre from bamboo samples.
Bamboo fibres have great potential as an alternative to inorganic fillers and are raw material for fabricating a composite material, and their applicability is being widely investigated. Bamboo is found in abundance in Asia and South America [11]. The ashes of bamboo are used to polish jewels and manufacture electrical batteries. They include bamboo (Kumamoto, Japan) with cellulose content of 47%, hemicelluloses 23% and lignin 28% [9]; bamboo with cellulose 43%, hemicelluloses 15% and lignin 26% [34]; bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.) The culm, shoot and leaf of bamboo have been reported to possess anti-oxidation, anti-ageing, antibacterial and antiviral properties. Common bamboo species that can be used for this purpose (see Table 5). The sap of B. vulgarisis given as a remedy for phthisis in the Philippines [100]. The problem with this method was that fibre bundles with diameters of 10010.4m were also formed during the extraction; therefore, the parameters were chosen to optimise separation of bamboo fibre by using a minimum amount of NaOH [48].
After being washed with hot water, the fibres were treated with 0.04% xylanase and 0.5% DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) at 70C for 60min at a pH of 6.5. The alkali-treated fibres are then passed through multi-phase bleaching. Bamboo is endowed with a long fibre length, and this makes bamboo pulp suitable for papermaking. After treating for 24h at 50C, the obtained bamboo fibre suspension was cooled then dialysed against distilled water to remove low molecular weight compounds. With the application of correct treatment, suitable fibres can be extracted from bamboo for various purposes. Or as the ancient Asian saying goes:"A man is born in a bamboo cradle and goes away in a bamboo coffin. Prior to bamboo utilisation in large scale as an economically viable engineering material, a study on properties and structures must be carried out. Bamboos have agronomical and technological characteristics highly essential to obtain cellulose [2]. However, bamboo offers an ecologically viable alternative to timber for construction due to its low-cost and fast growth rate [3]. Two novel bifunctional monomers, namely isocyanatoethyl-methacrylate and N-methylol acrylamide, have been used as the coupling agents to strength the interface of bamboo fibre/unsaturated polyester composites [71, 72]. Industrial application of bamboo is in the areas highlighted below: Bamboo is a good source of food particularly the shoot. Subsequently, the fibre bundles were heated with 0.5% NaOH (w/v), 2% sodium sulphite, 2% sodium silicate and 2% sodium polyphosphate solutions for about 60min at 100C. Bamboo can also be pulped with less power and chemicals than wood which makes it more environmental friendly. The various uses of bamboo for humans are quite remarkable.
It can grow in areas that are currently non-productive (e.g.
Similarly, Kumar and Kumar [50] in their work confirmed that the alkali and silane treatments with nano-clay filler improved the dielectric and mechanical properties of bamboo-epoxy composites. [101] found that the use of bamboo (B. vulgaris) of predetermined lengths and diameters as a field drainage material was found effective. Maleic anhydride treatment has been reported to improve the mechanical (Modulus of elasticity and flexural modulus) as well as water-resistant properties (water uptake) of bamboo-epoxy composites [60]. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Silanes are recognised as efficient coupling agents that are used extensively in composites and adhesive formulations. This method has made the incorporation of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMA) onto the surfaces of bamboo fibres to improve interfacial adhesion between bamboo fibre and poly-(butylene succinate) [66]. with cellulose 47%, hemicelluloses 16% and lignin 18% [35]; bamboo with cellulose 44%, hemicelluloses 30% and lignin 26% [36]; Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescensMazel), with cellulose 46%, hemicelluloses 23% and lignin 26% [37]; bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) with cellulose 41%, hemicelluloses 27% and lignin 27% [38]; Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla), with cellulose 4247%, hemicelluloses 2223% and lignin 2331% [39]; bamboo, with cellulose 38.4%, hemicelluloses 20.5% and lignin 20.8% [40]; Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla), with cellulose 37%, hemicelluloses 22% and lignin 24% [41]; bamboo shoots shell fibre (BSSF), with cellulose 23%, hemicelluloses 14% and lignin 11% and bamboo stem and leaf (BSL), with cellulose 21%, hemicelluloses 12% and lignin 12% [42]. However, a great deal of research and technical work has been devoted to the use of natural plant fibre. Contact our London head office or media team here. A soybean oil-based monomer, acrylated epoxidised soybean oil (AESO) monomer was grafted onto the surface of bamboo fibre using 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (DIH) as a linker, and the attached C=C bonds participated in the crosslinking of UPE resins, thus forming chemical connections between the bamboo fibres and the UPE matrix.