Food supplies for human consumption can be adversely affected if animals are poisoned by toxic constituents from wastes of plastics and plastic products [69]. European Environment Agency (EEA) (2007) The Road from landfilling to recycling: Common destination, different routes. Science News Online 156: 1-4. Mathieu-Denoncourt J, Wallace SJ, De Solla SR, Langlois VS (2015) Plasticizer endocrine disruption: Highlighting developmental and reproductive effects in mammals and non-mammalian aquatic species. endobj
In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M, (1. https://ecologycenter.org/factsheets/adverse-health-effects-of-plastics/. Chen G, Patel M (2012) Plastics derived from biological sources: Present and future: A technical and environmental review. Of recent, block copolymers has been proposed as a form of macromolecular welding flux [41] or molecular stitches [42] in other to overcome this challenge of phase-separation during plastic recycling [43].
endstream Polypropylene, a type of plastics, is strong and semi-transparent. Examples of these would be. Phthalates, also called 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acids, consist of a diverse groups of diesters of phthalic acid which are produced in large volumes from the 1930s. Entanglement has been observed to cause health risks in estimated 243 species of marine lives, often ending in fatalities. Zhang XL, Luo XJ, Liu HY, Yu LH, Chen SJ, et al. PVC is considered highly toxic due to the presence of chemical constituents like heavy metals, dioxins, BPA and phthalates. Low-density polyethylene is heat resistant, fragile, flexible and rigid. Environ Sci Technol 45: 400-405. 0000034818 00000 n Andrady AL (2003) In Plastics and the environment. 88 0 obj There are three major forms of plastic that contribute to plastic pollution: mega- and macro-plastics. This type of reclassification might also stimulate research into new and harmless alternatives, which will improve our plastic waste management, and hinder continuous buildup of plastic wastes in the environment. These are present in a variety of plastic products such as electronic thermoplastics (e.g. In depth report. 0000001690 00000 n Plastics made from PET must be prevented from high temperatures so as to prevent the leaching of some toxic additives such as acetaldehyde, antimony and phthalates. 0000025438 00000 n Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2097-2113. 0000039900 00000 n Landfill Directive European Commission 1999/31/EC) which has been difficult to materialize as an estimated 60% of England's municipal wastes is still sent to the landfills compared to an estimated of 20% and 37% in Germany and France, respectively [33]. Plastics Europe (2016) Plastics-The Facts. Report of Dowty, et al. Foldi L, Halasz L (2009) Krnyezetbiztonsg. [107] showed the presence of PCBs in the tissue of great shearwaters (Puffinus gravis) after ingestion of plastic particles. Inter. /Type /Catalog Table 4: Different additives used in plastic production, their effects and the plastic types. Plastic debris that starts off as, meso- or macrodebris can become microdebris through degradation and collisions that break it, down into smaller pieces. Eskenazi B, Warner M, Samuels S, Young J, Gerthoux PM, et al.
Hosler D, Burkett SL, Tarkanian MJ (1999) Prehistoric polymers: Rubber processing in ancient mesoamerica. However, in 2016, the global rate of recycling grew to about 14% of the total generated plastic waste [47]. Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments.
/ID [<24c6fb9877b4eff8bc2bff942a89f943><24c6fb9877b4eff8bc2bff942a89f943>] Office for Official Publications of the European Committees, Luxembourg, Europe 1-124. Most treated wastewaters are discharged into rivers or oceans, therefore, there is need for a ban such as Annex V to the International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ship (MARPOL) agreement, which will prevent plastic waste disposal into the sea [109,110]. 0000012553 00000 n 0000001236 00000 n Occup Environ Med 62: 806-818. Mar Pollut Bull 22: 41-42. Alabi OA, Ologbonjaye KI, Awosolu O, Alalade OE (2019) Public and Environmental Health Effects of Plastic Wastes Disposal: A Review. breast and prostate cancers) have been reported [85-87]. Environmental pollution and risks to public health can be reduced if the landfills are well-managed, although there are possibilities of soil and groundwater contamination by disintegrated plastic byproducts and additives that can persist in the environment on long-term basis [34,35]. Nagy A, Kuti R (2016) The Environmental Impact of plastic waste Incineration. Rochester JR (2013) Bisphenol A and human health: A review of the literature.
Want to read all 12 pages. Dermatitis have been reported from skin contact with some of the additives present in plastics [73]. Microdebris that come from cleaning and cosmetic products are also referred to as, . PET is also anti-air, preventing entrance of oxygen into it [1]. In human occupational and residential environment, plastic products are present in large volume. The most commonly used brominated flame retardants in plastic production are tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs). <>
Science 284: 1991-1998. 
Human consumption of animals exposed to microplastics and plastic additives can be detrimental. Sathyanarayana S (2008) Phthalates and children's health. There are four main categories of recycling which are: primary (which involves the mechanical reprocessing of plastics into a new product with equivalent properties), secondary (which involves the mechanical reprocessing of plastics into a product with lower properties), tertiary (which involves the recovery of the chemical constituents of the plastics) and quaternary (which involves energy recovery from the plastics). 1-36. https://www.aaapolymer.com/recyclable-plastic-materials/.
Table 1 shows the different types of plastics, their properties and common uses [21]. Despite the fact that plastics are very useful in everyday life, the toxic chemicals used in the production need to be thoroughly monitored so as to ensure environmental and health safety. Energy and economic value of non-recycled plastics and municipal solid wastes. Reprocessing of recovered plastic scraps or wastes into usable products is called plastic recycling. It is generally believed that plastic polymers are lethargic and of little concern to public health, however, different types of additives and the residual monomers possibly retained from these polymers are responsible for the suspected health risks [72]. Chandegara VK, Cholera SP, Nandasana JN, Kumpavat MT, Patel KC (2015) Plastic Packaging Waste Impact on Climate Change and its Mitigation. >>
*z $IC I _FS&D+1SHh2LR 1lH:O!e`((\l0( Talsness CE, Andrade AJ, Kuriyama SN, Taylor JA, Vom Saal FS (2009) Components of plastic: Experimental in animals and relevance for human health. Meeker JD, Sathyanarayana S, Swan SH (2009) Phthalates and other additives in plastics: Human exposure and associated health outcomes. Some governments use policy to encourage postconsumer recycling, such as the EU Directive on packaging and packaging waste (94/62/EC). discarded in landfills. Endocr Rev 30: 75-95. Globally, plastic production was estimated to be 380 million tonnes in 2018. They often end up in ocean waters through rivers and, streams. 0000000890 00000 n
0000032543 00000 n
Lee K, Tanabe S, Koh C (2001) Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay and nearby areas, Korea. Phthalates are harmful to humans. In terms of production, the rest regions are of lesser importance although not necessarily in terms of plastic consumption [15]. The disadvantage of combustion of plastics is the air pollution caused by the noxious fumes released into the atmospheres. 357 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /L 200413 /H [ 874 374 ] /O 360 /E 39628 /N 24 /T 197657 >> x\mo8 EQi^^ z(&nkbwS_3d[IU,3_=_gkzvm~C>WO?r^_xtZ^$'o^2?k&Q&VrI0?cxad40K'W!?}wIyx.Ao =wZK1p\)'?fK7$;}%|yt>H*}FOzzGAO=W#,Skd|=7x#T'x\r3'aU>6pQJM"SWk28_)9)Ns04sh ~rWc.Qc|]aj1L6p}\@p}67[/g`_ 4)gxg;6CjNL_ w)Srw)jD$t z3|Q;e+{:^*z h
JHxQF29)j3Ee?tz0 X`)Q7*7>9wA@!3E{M"*deqlQU2sj{z+M^Sd{ *. Worm B, Lotze HK, Jubinville I, Wilcox C, Jambeck J (2017) Plastic as a Persistant Marine Pollutant. Am J Epidemiol 166: 79-87. PVC have been reported to cause chronic bronchitis, birth defects, genetic changes, cancer, skin diseases, deafness, vision failure, ulcers, liver dysfunction and indigestion [1]. View Table 4. There are different types of plastics based on their constituents and type of materials used in their production. Andrady AL, Neal MA (2009) Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Chlorinated plastics are capable of leaching out toxic chemicals into the soil and subsequently seep into the underground water or surrounding aquatic system thereby polluting the ecosystem. Yearly, approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used out of which an estimated 13 million tonnes ends up in the ocean, killing approximately 100,000 marine lives [18].
3 0 obj Most animals in the oceans mistaking plastic wastes dumped in the ocean for food, thereby ingesting them. Ingestion of phthalates in breast milk, cow milk, or food packaging materials are the main routes of exposure in breast feeding infants [95]. /E 205002
In the production of plastics, brominated flame retardants are raw materials used for safety purposes. Children and infants are mostly exposed to phthalates because of their frequent mouthing of objects like plastic toys and fingers, and direct skin contact with phthalate contaminated substances. Coral reefs have been damaged by dragging nets and other plastic products along sea beds [63]. Zitko V, Hanlon M (1991) Another source of pollution by plastics skin cleaners with plastic scrubbers. CNN. <>/Metadata 837 0 R/ViewerPreferences 838 0 R>>
{ %J;fadRgj8fq+Y*SDlNS%mN3^xzheV7rNy/|rhm3=jSq]E'IZFNj! [111]. Rainfall can make some of these toxic compounds to sink into the soil, contaminate the ground water or absorbed by plants growing on this soil, thus, becoming incorporated into the food chain. Morris S, Allchin CR, Zegers BN, Haftka JJH, Boon JP, et al. 
/Filter /FlateDecode
Worldwide, the most used plastic is polyethylene. Cornell. Due to exposure to high temperature, BPA can be leached from polycarbonated container into the drink or food stored in them. Sheavly SB (2005) Marine debris- An overview of a critical issue for our oceans. Due to the potential pollution impact on the environment, plastic incineration is less employed for waste management in comparison to recycling and landfilling. Environ Sci Technol 38: 5497-5504. /Info 86 0 R
Distribution of plastic waste is associated with human populations. The 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle must be employed at all stages so as to prevent zero diversion to landfills and indiscriminate disposal to the environment [108]. 
stream
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2027-2045. Using personal care products frequently can increase the rate of exposure to phthalates of low molecular weight, indeed, report have shown that men who recently used aftershave and cologne have increased phthalate exposure, while infants that used certain infant-care products such as shampoos, lotions and powders also showed increased exposure [96]. Consider the following events below i) Price of mobile phone batt eries falls (5 marks) ii) iPhones become less popular. Bioplastics is a plastic produced from cellulose that is made of wood pulp by a British chemist in the 1850s. xcbdg``b`8 "HE`]0,"Y";$#Xd&EAd\ c{1 Women exposed to BPA have damaged health system such as polycyclic ovarian syndrome, obesity, recurrent miscarriages, endometrial hyperplasia and sterility [79-81]. Rayner JL, Wood C, Fenton SE (2004) Exposure parameters necessary for delayed puberty and mammary gland development in Long-Evans rats exposed in utero to atrazine.
In the UK, producer responsibility was enacted through a scheme for generating and trading packaging recovery notes, plus more recently a landfill levy to fund a range of waste reduction activities. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, USA.
Science 328: 1506. Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, et al. For global reduction of plastic litters and ocean pollution, there is need for improvement in proper plastic waste collection, treatment and disposal [8]. Environ Sci Technol 35: 448-454. SP; ) >`sTxr 0000044084 00000 n It is commonly used in packaging of milk, frozen foods and juices. Wilcox C, Van Sebille E, Hardesty BD (2015) Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, seabirds, pervasive and increasing. Poly Engineer Sci 42: 1442-1468. Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, et al.
Long term usage and exposure of plastics and plastic products to high temperature can lead to leaching of toxic chemical constituents into food, drinks and water. Reports of recent research suggest that the detrimental effects of microplastics especially microbeads, micro plastic fibres and degraded macroplastics in aquatic environment might be higher than that of macroplastics [27-29], although studies and legislations to manage plastic pollution are still inadequate. VomSaal FS, Akingbemi BT, Belcher SM, Birnbaum LS, Crain DA, et al. 0000036775 00000 n endobj Mouat J, Lozano RL, Bateson H (2010) Economic Impacts of marine litter. Pediat Res 10: 696-701. (2008) Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. endobj Raintree Publisher, London. Daniel DC (2004) Creating a sustainable future. (2017) Combining polyethylene and polypropylene: Enhanced performance with PE/iPP multiblock polymers. An advantage of plastic incineration is the recovery of energy from the plastic wastes [30]. Mar Pollut Bull 52: 1077-1080. 0000003613 00000 n Edu. Alan Bridgewater, Gill Bridgewater (2007) The Self-Sufficiency Handbook: A Complete Guide to Greener Living. Kershaw P, Katsuhiko S, Lee S, Samseth J, Woddring D (2011) Plastic debris in the ocean. %PDF-1.7 PNAS 38: 11899-11904. (2009) A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife. Examples of such contaminants are persistent organic pollutants like nonylphenol, PCBs, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and phenanthrene, with potential to accumulate in several fold on the plastic debris compared to the surrounding seawater [65].
%PDF-1.7
%
It is also important for government to enforce and implement regulations that will check production, consumption, usage and eventual disposal of plastics, irrespective of their hazardous status. There is a growing environmental and public health concern about the potential effects of landfills because of the types and quantities of toxic chemicals and their potential for leaching at landfill sites [32]. /Lang (en-US)
The combustion heater of the flue systems is permanently damaged by plastics during plastic incineration and the products of this plastic combustion are detrimental to both humans and the environment. Polystyrene is commonly used in the production of insulators and packaging materials. Some of these plastic incineration products can chemically react with water and the resulting compounds can alter the pH thereby change the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. This microplastics are either produced by design and are called primary microplastics, or they are formed as a result of degradation of macroplastic called secondary microplastics [23,24]. Due to the presence of phthalates in many consumer goods, there is widespread human exposure to phthalate. << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1065 >> 2 0 obj
(2001) Patty's Toxicology. Antimony trioxide, an inorganic compound, is used as a catalyst for the production of PET and rubber vulcanization [18]. 
Approximately 10% of household waste is plastics and mostly end up on the landfill [30]. Different additives are used in the production of plastics and they have been reported to have various detrimental effects on humans. Inner linings of food cans, reusable water bottles, and baby bottles are manufactured using BPA. 
The study of Ryan, et al. 2019 Alabi OA, et al. David RM, Mckee RH, Butala JH, Barter RA, Kayser M, et al. John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex, England. It took a decade after this for mass production of plastics to begin and it has constantly expanded ever since. In the struggle against plastic pollution, the following recommendations might be helpful: To combat and curb persistent environmental pollution by plastics, there is need for realistic policies which must be properly followed and enforced. 0000001891 00000 n
Environ Engineer Manag J 15: 675-685. Gilpin R, Wagel D, Solch J (2003) Production, distribution, and fate of polycholorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and related organohalogens in the environment. 0000026066 00000 n
endobj
Mar Pollut Bull 79: 94-99. << /Type /XRef /Length 61 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Columns 5 /Predictor 12 >> /W [ 1 2 2 ] /Index [ 355 16 ] /Info 83 0 R /Root 357 0 R /Size 371 /Prev 197658 /ID [<42b7fa73f42d68478ea3b3a132a333c5><72822d22514ff9a43cb1e6bd326705fc>] >> Science for Environmental Policy (SEP) (2011) Plastic Waste: Ecological and human health impact. Globally, approximately 311 million tonnes of plastics were produced in 2014, expected to double in about 20 year time and possibly quadruple by 2050 [20]. Miller-Klein Associates report. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 1977-1984. The biodegradability with little or no toxic products left behind will go a long way to protect our natural environment from the menace of conventional plastic wastes, protect our world's organisms and make the world safer for humans. The role of plastics in air pollution in the developing and poor countries of the world cannot be overemphasized, and the impact on the future generations may be massive [68]. Hamlet C, Matte T, Mehta S (2018) Combating plastic air pollution on earth's day. /T 409568
0000031367 00000 n
Polycarbonates are used for packaging consumer goods such as reusable bottles.
Consigliodei Ministriconferma la messa al bandodeisacchetti di plastica non biodegradabili - Ministerodell'Ambiente e dellaTutela del Territorio e del Mare. J Emerg Technol Advance Engineer 3: 82-89. It was estimated in 2015, that the highest rate of production is in Asia (with 49% of total global output, with China as the largest world producer (28%), followed by North America and Europe at 19% each. Kaiser J (2010) The dirt on ocean garbage patches.
endobj
0000000017 00000 n
endstream Polypropylene, a type of plastics, is strong and semi-transparent. Examples of these would be. Phthalates, also called 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acids, consist of a diverse groups of diesters of phthalic acid which are produced in large volumes from the 1930s. Entanglement has been observed to cause health risks in estimated 243 species of marine lives, often ending in fatalities. Zhang XL, Luo XJ, Liu HY, Yu LH, Chen SJ, et al. PVC is considered highly toxic due to the presence of chemical constituents like heavy metals, dioxins, BPA and phthalates. Low-density polyethylene is heat resistant, fragile, flexible and rigid. Environ Sci Technol 45: 400-405. 0000034818 00000 n Andrady AL (2003) In Plastics and the environment. 88 0 obj There are three major forms of plastic that contribute to plastic pollution: mega- and macro-plastics. This type of reclassification might also stimulate research into new and harmless alternatives, which will improve our plastic waste management, and hinder continuous buildup of plastic wastes in the environment. These are present in a variety of plastic products such as electronic thermoplastics (e.g. In depth report. 0000001690 00000 n Plastics made from PET must be prevented from high temperatures so as to prevent the leaching of some toxic additives such as acetaldehyde, antimony and phthalates. 0000025438 00000 n Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2097-2113. 0000039900 00000 n Landfill Directive European Commission 1999/31/EC) which has been difficult to materialize as an estimated 60% of England's municipal wastes is still sent to the landfills compared to an estimated of 20% and 37% in Germany and France, respectively [33]. Plastics Europe (2016) Plastics-The Facts. Report of Dowty, et al. Foldi L, Halasz L (2009) Krnyezetbiztonsg. [107] showed the presence of PCBs in the tissue of great shearwaters (Puffinus gravis) after ingestion of plastic particles. Inter. /Type /Catalog Table 4: Different additives used in plastic production, their effects and the plastic types. Plastic debris that starts off as, meso- or macrodebris can become microdebris through degradation and collisions that break it, down into smaller pieces. Eskenazi B, Warner M, Samuels S, Young J, Gerthoux PM, et al.
Hosler D, Burkett SL, Tarkanian MJ (1999) Prehistoric polymers: Rubber processing in ancient mesoamerica. However, in 2016, the global rate of recycling grew to about 14% of the total generated plastic waste [47]. Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. /ID [<24c6fb9877b4eff8bc2bff942a89f943><24c6fb9877b4eff8bc2bff942a89f943>] Office for Official Publications of the European Committees, Luxembourg, Europe 1-124. Most treated wastewaters are discharged into rivers or oceans, therefore, there is need for a ban such as Annex V to the International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ship (MARPOL) agreement, which will prevent plastic waste disposal into the sea [109,110]. 0000012553 00000 n 0000001236 00000 n Occup Environ Med 62: 806-818. Mar Pollut Bull 22: 41-42. Alabi OA, Ologbonjaye KI, Awosolu O, Alalade OE (2019) Public and Environmental Health Effects of Plastic Wastes Disposal: A Review. breast and prostate cancers) have been reported [85-87]. Environmental pollution and risks to public health can be reduced if the landfills are well-managed, although there are possibilities of soil and groundwater contamination by disintegrated plastic byproducts and additives that can persist in the environment on long-term basis [34,35]. Nagy A, Kuti R (2016) The Environmental Impact of plastic waste Incineration. Rochester JR (2013) Bisphenol A and human health: A review of the literature.
Want to read all 12 pages. Dermatitis have been reported from skin contact with some of the additives present in plastics [73]. Microdebris that come from cleaning and cosmetic products are also referred to as, . PET is also anti-air, preventing entrance of oxygen into it [1]. In human occupational and residential environment, plastic products are present in large volume. The most commonly used brominated flame retardants in plastic production are tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs). <>
Science 284: 1991-1998. Human consumption of animals exposed to microplastics and plastic additives can be detrimental. Sathyanarayana S (2008) Phthalates and children's health. There are four main categories of recycling which are: primary (which involves the mechanical reprocessing of plastics into a new product with equivalent properties), secondary (which involves the mechanical reprocessing of plastics into a product with lower properties), tertiary (which involves the recovery of the chemical constituents of the plastics) and quaternary (which involves energy recovery from the plastics). 1-36. https://www.aaapolymer.com/recyclable-plastic-materials/.
Table 1 shows the different types of plastics, their properties and common uses [21]. Despite the fact that plastics are very useful in everyday life, the toxic chemicals used in the production need to be thoroughly monitored so as to ensure environmental and health safety. Energy and economic value of non-recycled plastics and municipal solid wastes. Reprocessing of recovered plastic scraps or wastes into usable products is called plastic recycling. It is generally believed that plastic polymers are lethargic and of little concern to public health, however, different types of additives and the residual monomers possibly retained from these polymers are responsible for the suspected health risks [72]. Chandegara VK, Cholera SP, Nandasana JN, Kumpavat MT, Patel KC (2015) Plastic Packaging Waste Impact on Climate Change and its Mitigation. >>
*z $IC I _FS&D+1SHh2LR 1lH:O!e`((\l0( Talsness CE, Andrade AJ, Kuriyama SN, Taylor JA, Vom Saal FS (2009) Components of plastic: Experimental in animals and relevance for human health. Meeker JD, Sathyanarayana S, Swan SH (2009) Phthalates and other additives in plastics: Human exposure and associated health outcomes. Some governments use policy to encourage postconsumer recycling, such as the EU Directive on packaging and packaging waste (94/62/EC). discarded in landfills. Endocr Rev 30: 75-95. Globally, plastic production was estimated to be 380 million tonnes in 2018. They often end up in ocean waters through rivers and, streams. 0000000890 00000 n
0000032543 00000 n
Lee K, Tanabe S, Koh C (2001) Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay and nearby areas, Korea. Phthalates are harmful to humans. In terms of production, the rest regions are of lesser importance although not necessarily in terms of plastic consumption [15]. The disadvantage of combustion of plastics is the air pollution caused by the noxious fumes released into the atmospheres. 357 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /L 200413 /H [ 874 374 ] /O 360 /E 39628 /N 24 /T 197657 >> x\mo8 EQi^^ z(&nkbwS_3d[IU,3_=_gkzvm~C>WO?r^_xtZ^$'o^2?k&Q&VrI0?cxad40K'W!?}wIyx.Ao =wZK1p\)'?fK7$;}%|yt>H*}FOzzGAO=W#,Skd|=7x#T'x\r3'aU>6pQJM"SWk28_)9)Ns04sh ~rWc.Qc|]aj1L6p}\@p}67[/g`_ 4)gxg;6CjNL_ w)Srw)jD$t z3|Q;e+{:^*z h
JHxQF29)j3Ee?tz0 X`)Q7*7>9wA@!3E{M"*deqlQU2sj{z+M^Sd{ *. Worm B, Lotze HK, Jubinville I, Wilcox C, Jambeck J (2017) Plastic as a Persistant Marine Pollutant. Am J Epidemiol 166: 79-87. PVC have been reported to cause chronic bronchitis, birth defects, genetic changes, cancer, skin diseases, deafness, vision failure, ulcers, liver dysfunction and indigestion [1]. View Table 4. There are different types of plastics based on their constituents and type of materials used in their production. Andrady AL, Neal MA (2009) Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Chlorinated plastics are capable of leaching out toxic chemicals into the soil and subsequently seep into the underground water or surrounding aquatic system thereby polluting the ecosystem. Yearly, approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used out of which an estimated 13 million tonnes ends up in the ocean, killing approximately 100,000 marine lives [18]. 3 0 obj Most animals in the oceans mistaking plastic wastes dumped in the ocean for food, thereby ingesting them. Ingestion of phthalates in breast milk, cow milk, or food packaging materials are the main routes of exposure in breast feeding infants [95]. /E 205002
In the production of plastics, brominated flame retardants are raw materials used for safety purposes. Children and infants are mostly exposed to phthalates because of their frequent mouthing of objects like plastic toys and fingers, and direct skin contact with phthalate contaminated substances. Coral reefs have been damaged by dragging nets and other plastic products along sea beds [63]. Zitko V, Hanlon M (1991) Another source of pollution by plastics skin cleaners with plastic scrubbers. CNN. <>/Metadata 837 0 R/ViewerPreferences 838 0 R>>
{ %J;fadRgj8fq+Y*SDlNS%mN3^xzheV7rNy/|rhm3=jSq]E'IZFNj! [111]. Rainfall can make some of these toxic compounds to sink into the soil, contaminate the ground water or absorbed by plants growing on this soil, thus, becoming incorporated into the food chain. Morris S, Allchin CR, Zegers BN, Haftka JJH, Boon JP, et al. /Filter /FlateDecode
Worldwide, the most used plastic is polyethylene. Cornell. Due to exposure to high temperature, BPA can be leached from polycarbonated container into the drink or food stored in them. Sheavly SB (2005) Marine debris- An overview of a critical issue for our oceans. Due to the potential pollution impact on the environment, plastic incineration is less employed for waste management in comparison to recycling and landfilling. Environ Sci Technol 38: 5497-5504. /Info 86 0 R
Distribution of plastic waste is associated with human populations. The 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle must be employed at all stages so as to prevent zero diversion to landfills and indiscriminate disposal to the environment [108]. stream Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2027-2045. Using personal care products frequently can increase the rate of exposure to phthalates of low molecular weight, indeed, report have shown that men who recently used aftershave and cologne have increased phthalate exposure, while infants that used certain infant-care products such as shampoos, lotions and powders also showed increased exposure [96]. Consider the following events below i) Price of mobile phone batt eries falls (5 marks) ii) iPhones become less popular. Bioplastics is a plastic produced from cellulose that is made of wood pulp by a British chemist in the 1850s. xcbdg``b`8 "HE`]0,"Y";$#Xd&EAd\ c{1 Women exposed to BPA have damaged health system such as polycyclic ovarian syndrome, obesity, recurrent miscarriages, endometrial hyperplasia and sterility [79-81]. Rayner JL, Wood C, Fenton SE (2004) Exposure parameters necessary for delayed puberty and mammary gland development in Long-Evans rats exposed in utero to atrazine.
In the UK, producer responsibility was enacted through a scheme for generating and trading packaging recovery notes, plus more recently a landfill levy to fund a range of waste reduction activities. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, USA.
Science 328: 1506. Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, et al. For global reduction of plastic litters and ocean pollution, there is need for improvement in proper plastic waste collection, treatment and disposal [8]. Environ Sci Technol 35: 448-454. SP; ) >`sTxr 0000044084 00000 n It is commonly used in packaging of milk, frozen foods and juices. Wilcox C, Van Sebille E, Hardesty BD (2015) Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, seabirds, pervasive and increasing. Poly Engineer Sci 42: 1442-1468. Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, et al.
Long term usage and exposure of plastics and plastic products to high temperature can lead to leaching of toxic chemical constituents into food, drinks and water. Reports of recent research suggest that the detrimental effects of microplastics especially microbeads, micro plastic fibres and degraded macroplastics in aquatic environment might be higher than that of macroplastics [27-29], although studies and legislations to manage plastic pollution are still inadequate. VomSaal FS, Akingbemi BT, Belcher SM, Birnbaum LS, Crain DA, et al. 0000036775 00000 n endobj Mouat J, Lozano RL, Bateson H (2010) Economic Impacts of marine litter. Pediat Res 10: 696-701. (2008) Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. endobj Raintree Publisher, London. Daniel DC (2004) Creating a sustainable future. (2017) Combining polyethylene and polypropylene: Enhanced performance with PE/iPP multiblock polymers. An advantage of plastic incineration is the recovery of energy from the plastic wastes [30]. Mar Pollut Bull 52: 1077-1080. 0000003613 00000 n Edu. Alan Bridgewater, Gill Bridgewater (2007) The Self-Sufficiency Handbook: A Complete Guide to Greener Living. Kershaw P, Katsuhiko S, Lee S, Samseth J, Woddring D (2011) Plastic debris in the ocean. %PDF-1.7 PNAS 38: 11899-11904. (2009) A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife. Examples of such contaminants are persistent organic pollutants like nonylphenol, PCBs, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and phenanthrene, with potential to accumulate in several fold on the plastic debris compared to the surrounding seawater [65].
%PDF-1.7
%
It is also important for government to enforce and implement regulations that will check production, consumption, usage and eventual disposal of plastics, irrespective of their hazardous status. There is a growing environmental and public health concern about the potential effects of landfills because of the types and quantities of toxic chemicals and their potential for leaching at landfill sites [32]. /Lang (en-US)
The combustion heater of the flue systems is permanently damaged by plastics during plastic incineration and the products of this plastic combustion are detrimental to both humans and the environment. Polystyrene is commonly used in the production of insulators and packaging materials. Some of these plastic incineration products can chemically react with water and the resulting compounds can alter the pH thereby change the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. This microplastics are either produced by design and are called primary microplastics, or they are formed as a result of degradation of macroplastic called secondary microplastics [23,24]. Due to the presence of phthalates in many consumer goods, there is widespread human exposure to phthalate. << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1065 >> 2 0 obj
(2001) Patty's Toxicology. Antimony trioxide, an inorganic compound, is used as a catalyst for the production of PET and rubber vulcanization [18]. Approximately 10% of household waste is plastics and mostly end up on the landfill [30]. Different additives are used in the production of plastics and they have been reported to have various detrimental effects on humans. Inner linings of food cans, reusable water bottles, and baby bottles are manufactured using BPA. The study of Ryan, et al. 2019 Alabi OA, et al. David RM, Mckee RH, Butala JH, Barter RA, Kayser M, et al. John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex, England. It took a decade after this for mass production of plastics to begin and it has constantly expanded ever since. In the struggle against plastic pollution, the following recommendations might be helpful: To combat and curb persistent environmental pollution by plastics, there is need for realistic policies which must be properly followed and enforced. 0000001891 00000 n
Environ Engineer Manag J 15: 675-685. Gilpin R, Wagel D, Solch J (2003) Production, distribution, and fate of polycholorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and related organohalogens in the environment. 0000026066 00000 n
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Mar Pollut Bull 79: 94-99. << /Type /XRef /Length 61 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Columns 5 /Predictor 12 >> /W [ 1 2 2 ] /Index [ 355 16 ] /Info 83 0 R /Root 357 0 R /Size 371 /Prev 197658 /ID [<42b7fa73f42d68478ea3b3a132a333c5><72822d22514ff9a43cb1e6bd326705fc>] >> Science for Environmental Policy (SEP) (2011) Plastic Waste: Ecological and human health impact. Globally, approximately 311 million tonnes of plastics were produced in 2014, expected to double in about 20 year time and possibly quadruple by 2050 [20]. Miller-Klein Associates report. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 1977-1984. The biodegradability with little or no toxic products left behind will go a long way to protect our natural environment from the menace of conventional plastic wastes, protect our world's organisms and make the world safer for humans. The role of plastics in air pollution in the developing and poor countries of the world cannot be overemphasized, and the impact on the future generations may be massive [68]. Hamlet C, Matte T, Mehta S (2018) Combating plastic air pollution on earth's day. /T 409568
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Polycarbonates are used for packaging consumer goods such as reusable bottles. Consigliodei Ministriconferma la messa al bandodeisacchetti di plastica non biodegradabili - Ministerodell'Ambiente e dellaTutela del Territorio e del Mare. J Emerg Technol Advance Engineer 3: 82-89. It was estimated in 2015, that the highest rate of production is in Asia (with 49% of total global output, with China as the largest world producer (28%), followed by North America and Europe at 19% each. Kaiser J (2010) The dirt on ocean garbage patches.
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