The aerosol number concentrations generated by the Dremel tool on the substrates tested varied greatly (Table 1). DustBoss dust control systemsuse a techonlogy know as atomized mist to create 50-200 micron sized water dropletsideal for capturing the similarly sized dust particles. These phagosomes mature and bind to lysosomes which digest the particles with enzymes such as hydrolase and oxidase29. Protective effect of polysaccharides from Sargassum horneri against oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells.
The absorbance measurement of the wells without dust suspension were used as the reference points for the absorbance measurement of the exposed cells, as determined by a microplate reader (Bio Tek, Winooski, VT) at 490nm. Grinding was accomplished using a Multipro (model 395; Dremel, Racine, WI), a variable speed tool with rotational speeds that can be varied from 5000 to 30000 r.p.m. Some discrepancy was observed in the overlap region between the APS and the SMPS/LDMA. Commonly used prosthetic materials include PMMA, Vitallium, and porcelain, and the dust created from grinding them may pose various health hazards to oral care workers, such as pulmonary fibrosis, silicosis, allergic pneumonia, lung granuloma, asthma, and lung cancer58. Respiratory diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, silicosis, and allergic pneumonia, can be caused by long-term exposure to dental prosthesis grinding dust. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 1School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, 110002 China, 2Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083 China, 3Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083 China, 4The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000 China. In the overlap regions there was relatively good agreement among the aerosol instruments. (1993) have shown particle mobility diameter to agree well with equivalent-sphere projected area diameter for fractal-like particles <1 m. When the particle number concentration was reduced to a value of 50 particles/cm3, the air cleaner was turned off to prevent flow through the chamber. The classical activation pathway generates numerous inflammatory cytokines and free radicals32,33. Kartaloglu Z, et al. This slightly larger dust doesn't pass fully to the lungs. At 6h, the number of viable exposed cells was reduced, but the change was not significant (P>0.05). Grinding on wood resulted in an ultrafine aerosol with a markedly larger median diameter and substantially higher number concentration. The above diagram will give you a comparison that the average person can really relate to. In our lab, we conducted experiments based on dust samples that were collected from various places around the world. reported that the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was evaluated by detecting the levels of ROS and LDH in RAW264.7 cells21. with an unused sintered aluminum oxide grinding wheel. Therefore, clinicians who regularly work with these materials should wear the appropriate personal protection equipment to minimize exposure and reduce the health risks caused by these particulates. 3) showed that after the three types of prosthesis materials were ground, the grinding dust remained in contact with the RAW264.7 macrophages. The big dot represents the cross section of an average human hair or approximately 100 microns in diameter. A cylindrical grinding wheel, composed of sintered aluminum oxide, was selected for these experiments (diameter 1.6 cm, length 1.0 cm). 2b). Dust particles>10m enter through the nasal cavity and are deposited mainly in the back of the pharynx24. You might need to clean your shelves and brush off your favorite figures, and second, that visible dust is only a small percentage of all dust. A number of aerosol instruments were used to evaluate the aerosol behavior and the resultant particle size distribution during a grinding operation. 5 and and66 The data were subjected to multiple linear regression and showed that the order of influence of the factors on LDH and ROS was the time of exposure to the dust, the dust concentration, and the dust type. Three types of dental prosthesis grinding dust particles, PMMA dust, Vitallium dust, and dentin porcelain dust, were all toxic to RAW264.7 cells. Experimental study on pulmonary fibrosis caused by oral denture grinding with mixed dust. The macrophage pneumoconiosis model is a currently established model16. When comparing the particle size distributions for the various substrates, it appears that the coarse modes varied markedly (Fig. What was once ignored is now known to be harmful to those in direct contact with excessive amounts dust particles. 2a) appears to be slightly bimodal. Transmission electron microscope samples of the various grinding substrates were also collected. 4b,d,f,h, the pseudopods of the cells were elongated, and the nuclei were displaced. The total sample time for each SMPS measurement was 230 s (up-scan time 200 s, down-scan time 30 s) while the total sample time for each APS measurement was 200 s. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) samples of the aerosol generated from each substrate type were also collected using a point-to-plane electrostatic precipitator (Cheng et al., 1981). The pro-inflammatory cytokines, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase are associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in patients with asthma. The
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 17.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). FOIA Therefore, the occupational protection of the clinician should be increased to reduce the damage of the dust to the doctor. However, when applied to nanometer sized particles EDX is limited by long sample collection times and the sensitivity of the sample to beam damage and contamination. Clearly, there is further research to be carried out in this area. Copyright 2022 British Occupational Hygiene Society. })}); ideal for capturing the similarly sized dust particles, How An Outdoor Cooling Mist System Can Create Safer Events, DustBoss Offers Dynamic Dust Control Solution with DB-60 Surge, Odor Control Misting Systems for Soil Remediation, Innovative Dust Suppression Methods for the Scrap Recycling Industry, Dust Suppression Helps Demolition Expert Protect Workers and Surrounding Community from Hazardous Emissions. Barrett TE, et al. 4. Furthermore, the APS data were corrected for sampling train losses between the chamber and the instrument inlet and losses within the APS nozzle (Kinney and Pui, 1995). The cytotoxicity induced in RAW264.7 macrophages by the exposure to different concentrations (50, 150, 300, 450, and 600gmLl) of dust suspensions in DMEM containing 10% inactivated FBS was observed by light and fluorescence microscopy. TEM images were characterized by open chain-like agglomerates of very fine primary particles (Fig. An open-label, 4-week, prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel targeted skin care line addressing five common skin conditions. APS aerosol size distributions were therefore transformed to particle number concentration versus equivalent-sphere projected area diameter assuming spherical particles with the same density as the bulk substrate material. Note that (i) the solid line for each experimental condition represents a log-normal fit of the experimental data, (ii) the error bars represent the standard error associated with three randomized replicate samples and (iii) the experimental data for all substrates have been background corrected for the Dremel tool aerosols. Dust is one of the most common natural resources of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. National Library of Medicine Pulmonary toxicity and extrapulmonary tissue distribution of metals after repeated exposure to different welding fumes. P values less than 0.05 were stated as statistically significant. First things first. The particle size distribution produced by the Dremel tool alone (Fig. However, the grinding dust concentrations used in this experiment do not necessarily represent the actual concentrations of grinding dust that would actually enter the lungs during occupational exposure39. After fine milling, only the particle sizes were reduced, but their shapes did not significantly change. The next dot represents the smallest dust particle that can be seen with the naked eye under ideal lighting conditions such as a beam of sunlight shining through a window. government site. Occupational health, Inflammasome, Inflammasome, Inflammasome, Occupational health. In this study, high-speed grinding was used to test the hypothesis that ultrafine particles do not form a substantial component of mechanically generated aerosols. In many cases the measured size distributions exhibited multi-modal behavior. While it is conceivable that the mass-weighted distribution of such aerosols may be dominated by super-micrometer particles, it is by no means clear that the same will apply for particle number- and surface area-weighted distributions. LDH is a sensitive indicator of cell membrane changes. Furthermore, 42.3% of the finely ground porcelain dust particles were smaller than 10m, which is a higher than the proportions of particles in the same size range for the other types of grinding dust. Small, nanometer scale particles [4.22 nm < dp (particle diameter) < 100 nm] were characterized using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) configured with a nano differential mobility analyzer (DMA) (electrostatic classifier model 3080 using a DMA model 3085 and a condensation particle counter model 3022A; TSI Inc., St Paul, MN). Sampling errors associated with this instrument tended to be larger than those associated with either of the other instruments above 200 nm, reflecting the low particle detection rate within the instrument in this regime. Thorette C, et al. RAW264.7 cells are mouse mononuclear macrophage leukaemia cells that play key roles in inflammation, immunity and phagocytosis. The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. In presenting number statistics for the coarse mode, the data obtained by the APS were fitted using the right-hand side of this mode.
Brancaleone, P. et al. Light and fluorescence microscopy (Fig. Unless you're allergic to dust, you probably don't think much about the dangers of dust. The difference between the three dust samples and the negative control group was statistically significant (P<0.05). 3c), indicating nucleation followed by growth through coagulation. Assessing the in vitro toxicity of the lunar dust environment using respiratory cells exposed to Al(2)O(3) or SiO(2) fine dust particles. During dust storms, we are exposed to a high concentration of dust particles. The large amount of ROS can produce cell lipid peroxidation, which damages normal cells and tissues18. Table Table11 shows detailed information on the particle sizes of the three grinding dust types before and after fine milling. Most of dust is very tiny, so tiny that it's not even visible to the human eye. 4a,c,e,g, no abrasive grinding dust was found to induce apoptosis of the RAW264.7 cells. Three wells were designated for each type of dust. PMC legacy view When calcium carbonate, silica dust, etc., are applied to cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are commonly measured as indicators of cytotoxicity. Zhou H, et al. The porcelain dust induced higher levels of ROS than either the PMMA or Vitallium dust. Rogak et al. Grinding upon the granite substrate gave a distribution that was relatively bimodal (Fig. Furthermore, under high magnification (400), as shown in Fig. Accessibility It appears that the ultrafine aerosols were formed by the following processes: (i) from within the grinding motor, (ii) from the combustion of amenable grinding substrates and (iii) from volatilization of amenable grinding materials at the grinding wheel/substrate interface. Zhang ZY, et al. Among the three types of denture grinding dust, the percentage of ceramic abrasive grains with a diameter of<5m was the highest (21.05%); therefore, porcelain powder may cause more lung damage than is caused by other dust types. 19-112-4-027), Shenyang Young and Middle-aged Technological Innovation Talent Plan (No. The largest form of dust is classified as any dust particle that is larger than the previous 10 micron sizing. This is a harmful form of dust that can pass into the lungs, bypassing the nose, throat and upper respiratory tract. This type also possesses the ability to enter the human system, but unlike the other two forms, it can be visible to the human eye. LFWK201717), Liaoning Provincial Key Research Plan Guidance Project (No. Other substrates, such as wood dusts and metals, can be evaluated and compared with specific exposure criteria. A possible cytotoxicity mechanism is the induction of lipid peroxidation and plasma membrane damage as the dust particles penetrate cells. In addition, many studies have reported that the type of abrasive dust is closely related to specific respiratory diseases of oral care workers913. Examining the electron micrographs from each substrate gave little indication of whether particles in the ultrafine mode were primarily associated with the substrate or the carbon brush motor within the grinding tool. To characterize the particle size distribution, the aerosol-laden air from the chamber was split and directed to three aerosol instruments operated in parallel. However, the experimental results showed that Vitallium abrasive dust caused slightly greater damage to the RAW264.7 cells, but the difference was not statistically significant and may be related to the dust particle structures, element compositions or way of entering the body. The viability of the RAW264.7 cells exposed to the three kinds of dust was lower than that of the blank control group cells (Fig. Liu SJ, et al. HEPA-filtered, particle-free air was pulled upward through a stainless steel chamber (0.914 m long, 0.813 m wide, 1.19 m tall) using a commercially available, industrial air cleaner (model 73-800G; ACE Corp., St Louis, MO) (Fig.
The absorbance measurement of the wells without dust suspension were used as the reference points for the absorbance measurement of the exposed cells, as determined by a microplate reader (Bio Tek, Winooski, VT) at 490nm. Grinding was accomplished using a Multipro (model 395; Dremel, Racine, WI), a variable speed tool with rotational speeds that can be varied from 5000 to 30000 r.p.m. Some discrepancy was observed in the overlap region between the APS and the SMPS/LDMA. Commonly used prosthetic materials include PMMA, Vitallium, and porcelain, and the dust created from grinding them may pose various health hazards to oral care workers, such as pulmonary fibrosis, silicosis, allergic pneumonia, lung granuloma, asthma, and lung cancer58. Respiratory diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, silicosis, and allergic pneumonia, can be caused by long-term exposure to dental prosthesis grinding dust. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 1School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, 110002 China, 2Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083 China, 3Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083 China, 4The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000 China. In the overlap regions there was relatively good agreement among the aerosol instruments. (1993) have shown particle mobility diameter to agree well with equivalent-sphere projected area diameter for fractal-like particles <1 m. When the particle number concentration was reduced to a value of 50 particles/cm3, the air cleaner was turned off to prevent flow through the chamber. The classical activation pathway generates numerous inflammatory cytokines and free radicals32,33. Kartaloglu Z, et al. This slightly larger dust doesn't pass fully to the lungs. At 6h, the number of viable exposed cells was reduced, but the change was not significant (P>0.05). Grinding on wood resulted in an ultrafine aerosol with a markedly larger median diameter and substantially higher number concentration. The above diagram will give you a comparison that the average person can really relate to. In our lab, we conducted experiments based on dust samples that were collected from various places around the world. reported that the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was evaluated by detecting the levels of ROS and LDH in RAW264.7 cells21. with an unused sintered aluminum oxide grinding wheel. Therefore, clinicians who regularly work with these materials should wear the appropriate personal protection equipment to minimize exposure and reduce the health risks caused by these particulates. 3) showed that after the three types of prosthesis materials were ground, the grinding dust remained in contact with the RAW264.7 macrophages. The big dot represents the cross section of an average human hair or approximately 100 microns in diameter. A cylindrical grinding wheel, composed of sintered aluminum oxide, was selected for these experiments (diameter 1.6 cm, length 1.0 cm). 2b). Dust particles>10m enter through the nasal cavity and are deposited mainly in the back of the pharynx24. You might need to clean your shelves and brush off your favorite figures, and second, that visible dust is only a small percentage of all dust. A number of aerosol instruments were used to evaluate the aerosol behavior and the resultant particle size distribution during a grinding operation. 5 and and66 The data were subjected to multiple linear regression and showed that the order of influence of the factors on LDH and ROS was the time of exposure to the dust, the dust concentration, and the dust type. Three types of dental prosthesis grinding dust particles, PMMA dust, Vitallium dust, and dentin porcelain dust, were all toxic to RAW264.7 cells. Experimental study on pulmonary fibrosis caused by oral denture grinding with mixed dust. The macrophage pneumoconiosis model is a currently established model16. When comparing the particle size distributions for the various substrates, it appears that the coarse modes varied markedly (Fig. What was once ignored is now known to be harmful to those in direct contact with excessive amounts dust particles. 2a) appears to be slightly bimodal. Transmission electron microscope samples of the various grinding substrates were also collected. 4b,d,f,h, the pseudopods of the cells were elongated, and the nuclei were displaced. The total sample time for each SMPS measurement was 230 s (up-scan time 200 s, down-scan time 30 s) while the total sample time for each APS measurement was 200 s. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) samples of the aerosol generated from each substrate type were also collected using a point-to-plane electrostatic precipitator (Cheng et al., 1981). The pro-inflammatory cytokines, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase are associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in patients with asthma. The
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 17.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). FOIA Therefore, the occupational protection of the clinician should be increased to reduce the damage of the dust to the doctor. However, when applied to nanometer sized particles EDX is limited by long sample collection times and the sensitivity of the sample to beam damage and contamination. Clearly, there is further research to be carried out in this area. Copyright 2022 British Occupational Hygiene Society. })}); ideal for capturing the similarly sized dust particles, How An Outdoor Cooling Mist System Can Create Safer Events, DustBoss Offers Dynamic Dust Control Solution with DB-60 Surge, Odor Control Misting Systems for Soil Remediation, Innovative Dust Suppression Methods for the Scrap Recycling Industry, Dust Suppression Helps Demolition Expert Protect Workers and Surrounding Community from Hazardous Emissions. Barrett TE, et al. 4. Furthermore, the APS data were corrected for sampling train losses between the chamber and the instrument inlet and losses within the APS nozzle (Kinney and Pui, 1995). The cytotoxicity induced in RAW264.7 macrophages by the exposure to different concentrations (50, 150, 300, 450, and 600gmLl) of dust suspensions in DMEM containing 10% inactivated FBS was observed by light and fluorescence microscopy. TEM images were characterized by open chain-like agglomerates of very fine primary particles (Fig. An open-label, 4-week, prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel targeted skin care line addressing five common skin conditions. APS aerosol size distributions were therefore transformed to particle number concentration versus equivalent-sphere projected area diameter assuming spherical particles with the same density as the bulk substrate material. Note that (i) the solid line for each experimental condition represents a log-normal fit of the experimental data, (ii) the error bars represent the standard error associated with three randomized replicate samples and (iii) the experimental data for all substrates have been background corrected for the Dremel tool aerosols. Dust is one of the most common natural resources of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. National Library of Medicine Pulmonary toxicity and extrapulmonary tissue distribution of metals after repeated exposure to different welding fumes. P values less than 0.05 were stated as statistically significant. First things first. The particle size distribution produced by the Dremel tool alone (Fig. However, the grinding dust concentrations used in this experiment do not necessarily represent the actual concentrations of grinding dust that would actually enter the lungs during occupational exposure39. After fine milling, only the particle sizes were reduced, but their shapes did not significantly change. The next dot represents the smallest dust particle that can be seen with the naked eye under ideal lighting conditions such as a beam of sunlight shining through a window. government site. Occupational health, Inflammasome, Inflammasome, Inflammasome, Occupational health. In this study, high-speed grinding was used to test the hypothesis that ultrafine particles do not form a substantial component of mechanically generated aerosols. In many cases the measured size distributions exhibited multi-modal behavior. While it is conceivable that the mass-weighted distribution of such aerosols may be dominated by super-micrometer particles, it is by no means clear that the same will apply for particle number- and surface area-weighted distributions. LDH is a sensitive indicator of cell membrane changes. Furthermore, 42.3% of the finely ground porcelain dust particles were smaller than 10m, which is a higher than the proportions of particles in the same size range for the other types of grinding dust. Small, nanometer scale particles [4.22 nm < dp (particle diameter) < 100 nm] were characterized using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) configured with a nano differential mobility analyzer (DMA) (electrostatic classifier model 3080 using a DMA model 3085 and a condensation particle counter model 3022A; TSI Inc., St Paul, MN). Sampling errors associated with this instrument tended to be larger than those associated with either of the other instruments above 200 nm, reflecting the low particle detection rate within the instrument in this regime. Thorette C, et al. RAW264.7 cells are mouse mononuclear macrophage leukaemia cells that play key roles in inflammation, immunity and phagocytosis. The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. In presenting number statistics for the coarse mode, the data obtained by the APS were fitted using the right-hand side of this mode.
Brancaleone, P. et al. Light and fluorescence microscopy (Fig. Unless you're allergic to dust, you probably don't think much about the dangers of dust. The difference between the three dust samples and the negative control group was statistically significant (P<0.05). 3c), indicating nucleation followed by growth through coagulation. Assessing the in vitro toxicity of the lunar dust environment using respiratory cells exposed to Al(2)O(3) or SiO(2) fine dust particles. During dust storms, we are exposed to a high concentration of dust particles. The large amount of ROS can produce cell lipid peroxidation, which damages normal cells and tissues18. Table Table11 shows detailed information on the particle sizes of the three grinding dust types before and after fine milling. Most of dust is very tiny, so tiny that it's not even visible to the human eye. 4a,c,e,g, no abrasive grinding dust was found to induce apoptosis of the RAW264.7 cells. Three wells were designated for each type of dust. PMC legacy view When calcium carbonate, silica dust, etc., are applied to cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are commonly measured as indicators of cytotoxicity. Zhou H, et al. The porcelain dust induced higher levels of ROS than either the PMMA or Vitallium dust. Rogak et al. Grinding upon the granite substrate gave a distribution that was relatively bimodal (Fig. Furthermore, under high magnification (400), as shown in Fig. Accessibility It appears that the ultrafine aerosols were formed by the following processes: (i) from within the grinding motor, (ii) from the combustion of amenable grinding substrates and (iii) from volatilization of amenable grinding materials at the grinding wheel/substrate interface. Zhang ZY, et al. Among the three types of denture grinding dust, the percentage of ceramic abrasive grains with a diameter of<5m was the highest (21.05%); therefore, porcelain powder may cause more lung damage than is caused by other dust types. 19-112-4-027), Shenyang Young and Middle-aged Technological Innovation Talent Plan (No. The largest form of dust is classified as any dust particle that is larger than the previous 10 micron sizing. This is a harmful form of dust that can pass into the lungs, bypassing the nose, throat and upper respiratory tract. This type also possesses the ability to enter the human system, but unlike the other two forms, it can be visible to the human eye. LFWK201717), Liaoning Provincial Key Research Plan Guidance Project (No. Other substrates, such as wood dusts and metals, can be evaluated and compared with specific exposure criteria. A possible cytotoxicity mechanism is the induction of lipid peroxidation and plasma membrane damage as the dust particles penetrate cells. In addition, many studies have reported that the type of abrasive dust is closely related to specific respiratory diseases of oral care workers913. Examining the electron micrographs from each substrate gave little indication of whether particles in the ultrafine mode were primarily associated with the substrate or the carbon brush motor within the grinding tool. To characterize the particle size distribution, the aerosol-laden air from the chamber was split and directed to three aerosol instruments operated in parallel. However, the experimental results showed that Vitallium abrasive dust caused slightly greater damage to the RAW264.7 cells, but the difference was not statistically significant and may be related to the dust particle structures, element compositions or way of entering the body. The viability of the RAW264.7 cells exposed to the three kinds of dust was lower than that of the blank control group cells (Fig. Liu SJ, et al. HEPA-filtered, particle-free air was pulled upward through a stainless steel chamber (0.914 m long, 0.813 m wide, 1.19 m tall) using a commercially available, industrial air cleaner (model 73-800G; ACE Corp., St Louis, MO) (Fig.