As of June 2022, it was more than 90% contained. The continued growth of Pangaea created an intense monsoonal climate, similar to that of Asia today, that affected large parts of the continent. The onset of stream flows from melting snow in Colorado has shifted two weeks earlier due to warming spring temperatures. Convective mixing stops because the vertical column of air has turned over so that the cool air is at the bottom and the warm air is at the top. Temperatures in the southwest region average greater than states up North, because there isn't as much water vapor in upper level winds to screen direct sunlight. Photo by Jeffrey Beall (Wikimedia Commons,Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, image resized). however, the monsoons provide life-giving moisture in a region that is always dry. The lack of moisture in the air allows heat trapped in the earth during daylight hours to rapidly radiate away, leading to cool evenings. Volcanic activity was strong. Climate change can intensify multiple stresses that push a species past a survival threshold. Data from Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and ERSSTv5. Because higher temperatures mean greater evaporation and warmer air can hold more water, precipitation will occur in greater amounts at a time, but less frequently. Dry air is shown in orange. For example San Diego county has a population of azalea otherwise not seen for hundreds of miles to the north. However, although climate change is predicted to enhance the intensity of severe weather, there is currently no way to calculate what effect climate change will have on the frequency of specific storm eventsfor example, we might see more powerful tornados, but we do not know if we will see more of them. Figure by Emily Becker. Photo by James St. John (flickr,Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license, image cropped and resized). The rainy season would have been critical for Native Americans for thousands of years, and, for some Native American tribes, continues to be so. Rugose corals or horn corals (Turbophyllum) from the Mississippian Great Blue Limestone, Cache Canyon, northern Utah, near the border between the Basin and Range and Rocky Mountain physiographic provinces. Wind moves the air, promoting mixing. Across New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah, summer rains originate from moisture brought into the area from the Gulf of Mexico. Declining water supplies, reduced agricultural yields, health impacts in cities due to heat, and flooding and erosion in coastal areas are additional concerns. The full time series for precipitation and temperature values is shown in Figure 2. This project was made possible in part by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (ARPML-250637-OMLS-22).The views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this website do not necessarily represent those of the Institute of Museum and Library Services. The summer precipitation total for the CONUS was 9.48 inches, 1.16 inch above average, ranking eighth wettest in the historical record. The Southwest has a very unique culture, climate, and geography. It depends where you are! Layers of gypsum, an evaporate, from the Permian Castile Formation, Eddy County, New Mexico. The daily range between maximum and minimum temperatures sometimes runs as much as 50 to 60 degrees F during the drier periods of the year. In addition, temperature increases and recent drought have resulted in earlier spring snowmelt and decreased snow cover on the lower slopes of high mountains, bringing about more rapid runoff and increased flooding. Photo by Dr. David Goodrich, NOAA (NOAA Photo Library ID wea04192, NOAA's National Weather Service, via flickr, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license, image cropped and resized). The impact vaporized both water and rock, blocking out sunlight for weeks to years, which led to a collapse of photosynthesis and food webs on land and in the oceans. All rights reserved. The satellite loop in this post shows Gulf of Mexico moisture moving west into the monsoon region. Wetter-than-average monsoons (green dots) are slightly more common during La Nia years, while drier-than-average monsoons (brown dots) are slightly more common during El Nio years. Like the summer monsoons, the milder storms . 94, 95, 96 Each assessment has consistently identified drought, water shortages, and loss of ecosystem integrity as major challenges that the Southwest confronts under climate change. Climate at a glance. Large portions of the Southwest have experienced drought conditions since weekly Drought Monitor records began in 2000. What is the climate in the Southwest region in summer? Left imageandright imageby NickLongrich (Wikimedia Commons,Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license, images cropped and resized). Data: U.S. Energy Information Administration. PRI is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. In the Southwest, climate change may impact a variety of resources, including water availability in the form of snowpack and spring streamflow, the distribution and composition of plant communities, and fire regimes. The Southwest contributes significantly to climate change. The state's highest temperatures occur in the northeastern plains, where they can exceed 46C (115F). Modified from a map by Adam Peterson (Wikimedia Commons,Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license). A strong difference in air temperature at different heights creates instability; the warmer the air near the surface is relative to the air above it, the more potential (stored) energy the warm air has to move up, and the more potential for a storm. For example, the difference in annual mean temperature between Pikes Peak (4302 meters or 14,114 feet) and Las Animas (1188 meters or 3898 feet), only 145 kilometers (90 miles) to the southeast, is equivalent to that between Iceland and southern Florida! Although much of the Southwest falls within the category of an arid zone, using a single label to describe the Southwest's climate would belie its diversity. On the other hand, New Mexico and northern Mexico are near or a bit below average. Kppen climate map of the 48 contiguous states of the continental United States. Drought outlook for the Lower 48 U.S. states in August 2022. Raucous summer thunderstorms characteristic of the monsoon season are spotty, while drizzly winter storms last longer and engulf large portions of the region. Climate changepast, present & future: a very short guide. Dry conditions are common throughout the Great Plains, Colorado Plateau, and Basin and Range. Large glaciers were found at higher elevations, and temperatures were cool. Time-series graph of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from southwestern states, showing rising emissions from 1970 to around 2008, followed by a decreasing trend from 2008 to 2019. Where the land was exposed, deposits of dust (loess) accumulated and were blown across much of the Southwest. In southern New Mexico and Arizona, shallow marine deposits, laid down when the ice in Gondwana retreated and sea level rose, alternate with layers of dust blown in when the ice in Gondwana advanced and sea level fell. The warmer the air near the surface is relative to the air above it, the more potential energy it has to move up. 4. Map of the modern Yucatn Peninsula region showing the location of the Chicxulub impact crater. Photo by Lane Pearman (flickr, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license, image cropped and resized). The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report covers observed and potential future changes in the North American Monsoon. Photo by Daniel Mayer (Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, image resized). Maps modified from maps by Wade Greenberg-Brand, originally published inThe Teacher-Friendly Guide to the Earth Science of the SouthwesternUS, after figure 3 in L. Grande (2013) The Lost World of Fossil Lake. Natural variability, changes in irrigation practices, and other diversions of water for human use can influence certain drought-related measurements. The world warmed, and would stay warm through the Mesozoic. He pointed out that ENSO does influence Pacific tropical storms, which can supply moisture to the monsoon. Summer heat waves will become hotter and longer, while winter cold snaps will occur less often. Annual Weather SummaryNovember 2022 to October 2023. Average temperatures found in the Southwest tend to decrease northward, which is largely the influence of latitude and elevation. Thanks to the region's high temperatures and low precipitation levels from summer 2020 through summer 2021, the current drought has exceeded the severity of a late-1500s megadrought that previously had been identified by the same authors as the driest in 1,200 years. The warm, arid Southwest region presents extreme challenges to turf grasses in low- and high-desert climates. Photograph by Bill Morrow (Flickr;Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license). Rainfall associated with the monsoon is very important for the region. Another factor besides latitude and elevation that influences temperature in the Southwest is its arid climate. Precipitation accumulation over the past 12 months, shown as a percent of the average mid-August through mid-August total. Thus, each Southwestern state experiences both extreme highs and lows. An official website of the United States government. The white arrow is pointing to one of the leaflets of a compound leaf. The average precipitation for the United States is 85.6 centimeters (33.7 inches). Summer temperatures in this region rarely rise above 60 F during the day, while winter temperatures hover around 30 F due to the temperate . A major contributing factor to this event was a geological change that occurred far to the south. Ornithopod-type tracks, Powell Fossil Track Block Tracksite, Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Arizona and Utah. Reconstruction created using basemap from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlatesand the PaleoData Plotter Program, PALEOMAP Project by C. R. Scotese (2016); map annotations by Jonathan R. Hendricks for PRI's[emailprotected]project (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0license). PRI's free resource to help you learn about the Earth and its history. Forecasts had all of this widespread flash flooding. In New Mexico, for example, the average difference between the daily high and low temperatures ranges from 14 to 19C (25 to 35F). What is the weather like in the Southwest region in summer? This chart shows the percentage of land area in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) classified under drought conditions from 2000 through 2020. Photo by Bigmikebmw (Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, image cropped). What happened that make TS Nora so underwhelming? Positive values represent wetter-than-average conditions, while negative values represent drier-than-average conditions. Rainfall, as anyone who has read the ENSO Blog before will know, is an extremely complicated thing to predict! To provide more detailed information, each state has been divided into climate divisions, which are zones that share similar climate features. Cattle ranches throughout the southwestern states rely on rain-fed grazing forage, making them extremely susceptible to climate change and drought. Drier conditions occurred through the 1920s/1930s, again in the 1950s, and since 1990, when the Southwest has seen some of the most persistent droughts on record (see Figure 3). Regional overview Southwest. Lake Powell, the lake created by Glen Canyon Dam, at two points in time about four years apart. Photo by Kenneth Carpenter (Wikimedia Commons,Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license, image cropped and resized). However, while the effect of warming on the storms is uncertain, temperatures have been increasing. The ENSO blog is written, edited, and moderated by Michelle LHeureux (NOAA Climate Prediction Center), Emily Becker (University of Miami/CIMAS), Nat Johnson (NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory), and Tom DiLiberto and Rebecca Lindsey (contractors to NOAA Climate Program Office), with periodic guest contributors. Ordovician deposits across the Southwest indicate warm, shallow seas rich in invertebrate life. Hailstones from a storm in Limon, Colorado, 2010. Like the Inside Passage, the weather in Southwest Alaska is heavily influenced by ocean currents and maritime conditions. Lake Mead, the lake created by the Hoover Dam, at two points in time about 21 years apart. Data source: NOAA, 20212Web update: April2021. It's made up of the states of Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. The geography and climate of the southwestern U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains (in other words, in the Great Plains region in Colorado and New Mexico) are nearly ideal for their formation of thunderstorms and tornados, especially in the summer. Volcanic activity intensified in the Southwest, and the Basin and Range region began to form, leading to the topography that is seen in those areas today (i.e., low valleys alternating with high mountain ranges). At any rate I'd just like to point out a potential clue to your springtime predictability barrier problem. Brown indicates areas where experts forecast drought will persist or worsen. Every part of the Southwest experienced higher average temperatures between 2000 and 2020 than the long-term average (1895-2020). The Sonoran Desert is located in southwestern Arizona and adjacent regions of California and Mexico. Copyright 2021 Paleontological Research Institution. The Wave, a series of intersecting U-shaped troughs eroded into Jurassic NavajoSandstone within the Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness, Arizona. Note that the southwestern region of the U.S. is covered by a shallow sea. Taken on August 15, 2016. A crinoid (Ibexocrinus lepton) from the Ordovician Kanosh Shale, Millard County, Utah. Hey! The size and location of various lakes in which the Green River Formation sediments were deposited during the Eocene epoch. Photograph by Julia Manzerova (Flickr;Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license; image resized). How would that result in less total JulyAugust rain? Good question! Check out Toms recent post on the drought in Arizona to understand more about how drought works in this region. (41-60 degrees.) Changes in atmospheric pressure during the late fall and winter can lead to an accumulation of haze. This chart shows annual values of the Palmer Drought Severity Index, averaged over six states in the Southwest (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah). Green areas mean drought is likely to end. SUMMARY OF THE OUTLOOK FOR NON-TECHNICAL USERS. Climate at a glance. July 1August 22, 2021 precipitation shown as a percent of the average July 1August 22, based on 19792020. This project was made possible in part by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (ARPML-250637-OMLS-22).The views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this website do not necessarily represent those of the Institute of Museum and Library Services. A strong temperature difference at different heights creates instability. Since 800,000 years ago, an equilibrium has been reached between warming and cooling, with the ice caps growing and retreating primarily due to the influence of astronomical forces (i.e., the combined gravitational effects of the Earth, Sun, moon, and planets). This page uses Google Analytics. Center:As warm air rises, cool air sinks. Later in the Jurassic, the climate became more moderate; dune fields were replaced by rivers and floodplains populated by a rich dinosaur fauna (exemplified by the Morrison Formation) and large trees along rivers, streams, and grasslands. Here, oases with large trees, large colonies of burrowing animals, and reptile trackways punctuated the otherwise dry and sandy landscape. Photo by Eltiempo10 (Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license, image resized). Thanks for visiting the North American Monsoon region with me! Record high temperatures for the Southwest range from 53C (128F) in Arizona to 47C (117F) in Utah, while record low temperatures range from 56C (69F) in Utah to 40C (40F) in Arizona. All of these plants, animals, and people need water to survive. North America and Europe are part of Laurasia, and South America and Africa are part of Gondwana. (1) The North American Monsoon, published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society by David Adams and Andrew Comrie, provides a comprehensive overview of the North American Monsoon and related research through the late 20th century. Ill be back on my regular beat in a couple of weeks with the September ENSO update. Summer temperatures on the South Rim, at 7000 feet (2134 meters), are especially pleasant from 50 to about 85 F (10s to 20s C). Skeleton of a juvenileCamarosaurs lentus, a type of sauropod, from the Carnegie Quarry, Jurassic Morrison Formation, Dinosaur National Monument, Utah and Colorado. Drier days and higher temperatures will amplify evaporation, increasing the desertification of already arid areas and affecting natural ecosystems as well as increasing pressure on the water supply for agriculture and cities. Pangaea was completed when North America finally collided with Gondwana. Average Annual Temperatures in the Southwestern United States. Of the southwestern states, Arizona emits the most greenhouse gases, releasing 92.5 million metric tons of energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) in 2019. Right:Reconstruction of living animals. Some of these thunderstorms can be strong, delivering heavy rain and frequent lightning. Low annual precipitation, clear skies, and year-round warm climate over much of the Southwest are due in large part to a quasi-permanent subtropical high-pressure ridge over the region. The population of any industrialized and particularly wealthy country produces pollution; the majority of these emissions come from the use of petroleum. Images by Lauren Dauphin, NASA Earth Observatory (used following NASA's image use policy). The more than 16 million residents of the Southwest use carbon-rich fossil fuels to provide electricity for lighting, cooling, and appliances, to fuel their transportation and industry, and to make the products they use. contiguous U.S. (CONUS) into the Northern Plains. Reconstruction created using basemap from thePALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlatesand the PaleoData Plotter Program, PALEOMAP Project by C. R. Scotese (2016); map annotations by Jonathan R. Hendricks and Elizabeth J. Hermsen for PRI's[emailprotected]project (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0license). Precipitation forms. Is the tropical storm season done for this part of the country? In the middle Cretaceous, oceans covered most of the Southwest, with the exception of parts of Arizona and New Mexico. Explore how climate change is affecting the Southwest. National Drought Mitigation Center. Scale bar = 5 centimeters (about 2 inches). The Southwest's overall average high temperature of 19.2C (66.6F) and average low of 2.8C (37.0F) are indicative of a varied climate, one much less uniform than that found in many other parts of the United States. Cities like Phoenix, Las Vegas, Yuma, and Palm Springs have average highs over 100 F (38 C) during the summer months and lows in the 70s or even 80s. Since 1980, tree mortality in forests and woodlands across the Southwest has been higher and more extensive than at any time during the previous 90 years. For example, parts of the Colorado Rockies experience cool annual temperatures and over 8 meters (25 feet) of snowfall every year, while the dry deserts in southwestern Arizona receive only about 8 centimeters (3 inches) of precipitation a year and can experience as much as a 15C (60F) degree temperature difference between night and day. Dark gray is land, white and light gray are submerged areas. Published June 22, 2021 Updated Aug. 23, 2022. The March-April-May (MAM) 2023 temperature outlook favors below-normal. MacDonald, G.M. Map made by Elizabeth J. Hermsen usingSimplemapprand modified in Photoshop. Stages in the formation of a thunderstorm. In fact, this monsoon may turn out to be the wettest on record for some places! Reconstruction created using basemap from thePALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlatesand the PaleoData Plotter Program, PALEOMAP Project by C. R. Scotese (2016); map annotations by Jonathan R. Hendricks & Elizabeth J. Hermsen for PRI's[emailprotected]project (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0license). Based on the long-term Palmer Index, drought conditions in the Southwest have varied since 1895. The causes of specific weather events such as tornados and severe thunderstorms are incredibly complex, although climate change has enhanced some correlated factors, such as increased wind speed and an unstable atmosphere. Global temperatures during the Cretaceous were very warm, as much as 10C (18F) above those at present. Arizona's highest elevations receive an average of 65 to 76 centimeters (25 to 30 inches), with lower areas in the states southwestern portion averaging less than 8 centimeters (3 inches). While thats often the situation for the Indian monsoon, the monsoon in North America behaves a bit differently. (2019)Biology Letters15: 20190114(Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, images cropped, reconfigured, resized, and relabeled). These oases were fed by groundwater that originated in the higher country of what is now western Colorado. Figure by Climate.gov. Onion Creek salt diapir, a salt dome exposed at the surface at Fisher Towers, Utah. The book was adapted for the web by Elizabeth J. Hermsen, Jonathan R. Hendricks, and Ingrid Zabel in 2022. Weather conditions, particularly hot, dry weather and wind that spreads flames, contribute significantly to the ignition and growth of wildfires. Copyright 2021 Paleontological Research Institution. This chapter builds on assessments of climate change in the Southwest region from the three previous U.S. National Climate Assessments. Shallow seas invaded the continent, ultimately covering the whole area until the late Carboniferous. The state's mountainous areas, however, have climate characteristics that more closely follow those found in the Colorado Rockies. At the close of the Mesozoic, global climatealthough warmer than todaywas cooler than at the start of the era. Although there has been a fair amount of research into the monsoon, there are still far more questions than answers about how it works, and if the seasonal amount of rain, potential start date, or other characteristics can be predicted. Credits: Most of the text on this page comes from "Climate of the Southwestern US" by Ingrid H. H. Zabel, Judith T. Parrish, and Andrielle N. Swaby, chapter 8 in The Teacher-Friendly Guide to the Earth Science of the Southwestern US, edited by Andrielle N. Swaby, Mark D. Lucas, and Robert M. Ross (published in 2016 by the Paleontological Research Institution; currently out of print). Cold continental conditions dominate the higher altitudes, especially within the Rocky Mountains. Cycads are a group of seed plants that look superficially similar to palms, but are not closely related to them and do not produce flowers. Photo source:National Park Service (public domain). Here at the ENSO Blog, were always curious about the role of ENSO (El Nio/Southern Oscillation, the entire El Nio/La Nia system). Large lakes covered parts of northern Utah and Colorado. Reconstruction created using basemap from the. The impacts of the monsoon go beyond just rainfall amounts. As a result of displacement due to continental rifting and seafloor spreading, sea level throughout the Cretaceous was much higher than it is today. USA 107(50):2125621262. There were spots that received large amounts of rain, but overall Nora was a bust. The inset image is a shaded relief image that shows the edge of the crater on the Yucatn Peninsula with sinkholes in the rock surrounding it. The average amount of precipitation for the United States is 85.6 centimeters (33.7 inches). While two indicators in this report present information about unusually high or low temperatures and drought on a national scale (see the High and Low Temperatures indicator and the Drought indicator), this feature highlights the Southwest because of its particular sensitivity to temperature and drought. We are largely unaware of this precipitation because of the Southern California Chamber of Commerce and a lack of rain gauges. Water vapor animation for the afternoon of August 22, 2018 showing the monsoon circulation and thunderstorm formation (dark blue, green, dark red). Sci. Cumbres in the San Juan Mountains receives nearly 7.6 meters (300 inches) of snowfall annually, while Manassa, less than 50 kilometers (30 miles) away in the San Luis Valley, receives only about 63 centimeters (25 inches) of snow a year. Data from the Northeast Regional Climate Center Applied Climate Information System; 2079-2099 image shows the weighted mean of downscaled CMIP5 models in the LOCA dataset. Frequent showers and thunderstorms continue well into the summer. The distance between Santa Fe and Las Vegas, New Mexico, is about 65 kilometers (about 40.5 miles). The climate of the eastern plains is fairly uniform, with hot, windy summers and thunderstorms. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). P. Natl. Extreme high temperatures. The Central American Isthmus, which today makes up most of Panama and Costa Rica, rose out of the ocean at approximately this time, formed by undersea volcanoes. Cambrian trilobites from the Bright Angel Shale (Tonto Group), Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. These changes include the following: The seasonality and transmission frequency of insect-borne diseases and other infectious diseases prevalent in the Southwest, including plague, valley fever, and Hanta, are influenced by warming trends. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air can, convective mixing with cool air forces moisture to condense out of warm air as vapor (clouds) and precipitation. The North Rim is 8000 feet (2438meters) to 9000 feet (2743 meters) above sea level. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Thus, even a small increase in temperature (which drives evaporation) or a decrease in precipitation in this already arid region can seriously threaten natural systems and society. Zack also mentioned our good friend El Nio! That's at least one part of a very big climate puzzle crossing that barrier that involves both the ocean and atmosphere. Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license, Scenarios for Climate Assessment and Adaptation, Image by The High Fin Sperm Whale, created from images by NOAA National Weather Service training material (Wikimedia Commons, public domain), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license, Modified from a map by Adam Peterson (Wikimedia Commons, Photo by Bob Wick, Bureau of Land Management (flickr, public domain), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, Photo by Richard Stephen Haynes (Wikimedia Commons, Photo of USNM PAL 165239 by Crinoid Type Project (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, public domain), Photos of YPM IP 529539 by Jessica Utrup, 2015 (Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History/YPM, CC0 1.0 Universal/Public Domain Dedication, Photo of USNM P 38052 by Frederic Cochard (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, public domain), Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license, Cretaceous Atlas of Ancient Life: Western Interior Seaway, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International, Photo of USNM 166396 from the Cretaceous Atlas of Ancient Life, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license, Inset image from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PIA03397), Photo by Jeffrey Beall (Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, Photo by Kenneth Carpenter (Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical 2.0 Generic license, Photo by Center for Land Use Interpretation, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license, Photo by Dr. David Goodrich, NOAA (NOAA Photo Library ID wea04192, NOAA's National Weather Service, via flickr, Images by Lauren Dauphin, NASA Earth Observatory, Photos by Lauren Dauphin, NASA Earth Observatory, NASA Earth Observatory image by Lauren Dauphin (NASA Earth Observatory, Photo by Santa Fe National Forest (National Interagency Fire Center on flickr, public domain), https://earthathome.org/de/talk-about-climate/, https://earthathome.org/de/what-is-climate/, https://earthathome.org/de/recent-climate-change/, https://earthathome.org/de/climate-change-mitigation/, https://earthathome.org/de/climate-change-adaptation/, https://earthathome.org/quick-faqs/#climate, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International licenses.