3. 1. Based on morphology, epithelial cells can be either squamous (flat), cuboid (cube) or columnar (rectangular). Connective tissue proper is further subdivided into loose connective tissue, mostly found in internal organs as supporting tissue stroma, and dense connective tissue, which can be regular (tendons, ligaments) or irregular (dermis of the skin, organ capsules). All cells contain cytoplasm, are surrounded by a membrane, and contain a variety of structures and organelles. Histology of Nervous TissueNervous system ppt #2. Nutrient molecules, such as glucose or amino acids, can pass through the BBB, but other molecules cannot. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. Spermatozoa pass from the testis into the epithelial lined epididymis and ductus (vas) deferens via efferent ductules, then into the ejaculatory duct, which merges with the urethra. 1:00 - 2:55 Cartilage and Bone ppt | pdf | lecture recording. The epithelial lining of the uterine tube and uterus play important roles in the transportation and implantation of a fertilized ovum (zygote). You should also identify the dorsal and ventral horns in slide 65-1N stained with Masson trichrome. Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. Upon maturation, they are released into the blood, lymph and into secondary lymphoid organs, where they work alongside immune system support cells to carry out a detailed surveillance of potential threats. Chapter 1 The Cell Chapter 2 Epithelium Chapter 3 Connective Tissue Chapter 4 Muscle Chapter 5 Cartilage and Bone Chapter 6 Nervous Tissue Chapter 7 Peripheral Blood Chapter 8 Hematopoiesis Organ Systems Histology 5.ppt CT, Bone Histology 5 supplement.ppt : Histology 6.ppt Muscle: Histology Lab 4.doc Muscle and Start of Nervous Tissue: Histology 7.ppt M, Nervous: Histology Lab 5.doc Nervous (continued), Digestion Start: Histology 8.ppt Nervous : Histology 9.ppt : Histology 10.ppt Nervous: Histology11.ppt CNS, Digestion : Histology 12.ppt . It is made up of gray matter and white matter. Examine the boundary between molecular and granule cell layers. Last reviewed: November 28, 2022 Did you know that there are special cardiomyocytes in your heart that spontaneously generate impulses to initiate heartbeats? Philadelphia, Pa: Wolters Kluwer. Schwann cells are different than oligodendrocytes, in that a Schwann cell wraps around a portion of only one axon segment and no others. The study of. Histology of Nervous Tissue Feature of nerves tissue Type of cell: neuron & neuroglia General feature of neuron Type of Expert Help In a transverse section of a nerve (Figure 10), single myelinated axons look like little circles organized in bundles called fascicles. Figure 1 shows the relationship of these parts to one another. Body tissues are collections of cells, grouped in the body according to structure and function. At the end of the axon is the axon terminal, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell, each of which ends in an enlargement called a synaptic end bulb. This Power point presentation will allow students to practice the skill of identifying tissue types from 25 histology slides. Where the axon emerges from the cell body, there is a special region referred to as the axon hillock. Skin glands include sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine) and sebaceous holocrine glands, both are important in regulating body temperature. Neurons are the cells considered to be the basis of nervous tissue. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and its associated organs (tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder). The cerebellum consists of an outer cortex of grey matter covering an inner area of white matter, which itself surrounds a deeper layer of grey matter (called the cerebellar nuclei). All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. The material presented details the chemistry, diagnostic application, and staining protocols for special stains used to . At one end of the axon are dendrites, and at the other end, the axon forms synaptic connections with a target. One is the axon and one the dendrite, forming a straight line. In situ hybridisation is a method of localizing and quantifying DNA or RNA sequences. Some neurons are named on the basis of those sorts of classifications (Figure 3). The nasal cavity contains specialized olfactory epithelium, providing the sense of smell. For an even more detailed view, an electron microscopy can be used. This is the final course in the series that will explore special stains used in the clinical histology laboratory. Neurons are characterized by a large cell body or perikaryon containing a large, pale (active, euchromatic) nucleus with a prominentnucleolus. Peripheral ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies surrounded by a dense connective tissue capsule. 1:00 - 1:50 Nervous Tissue ppt | pdf | lecture recording (for both hours) 2:05 - 2:55 Connective Tissue ppt | pdf. Histology (Tissues). Available at theiTunes Storeand for Android users at theGoogle Play Store. The Schwann cells (in the peripheral nerves) and the satellite cells (in the ganglia) are glial cells (supporting cells) of the PNS. Below the dermis, a layer of subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is found. One cell providing support to neurons of the CNS is the astrocyte, so named because it appears to be star-shaped under the microscope (astro- = star). Specialised cells (melanocytes, Merkels cells, Langerhans cells) and free nerve endings are found within the epidermis, providing pigmentation, protection and sensation. Neuroglia. 1. Neurons are specialized cells that contain a body (soma) and one or more processes ( dendrites, axons ). The other major glial cell type you should know about are microglia which are small cells derived from blood monocytes. All cells are enveloped by a semipermeable two-layered membrane, which serves as a dynamic medium for the cells interaction with the external environment. There are more tissues on the website than you are responsible for. Neurons are the basic functional units of nervous tissue. Which of the following cell types contributes to maintenance of the blood-brain barrier? Both will appear grey to the naked eye and under the microscope, due to their lack of myelin. It consists of a few cells and an abundance of extracellular matrix. Your donation will enable us to update all existingSecondLook resources and to transform them into completely free Progressive Web Applications (PWA), including theSecondLookHistology apps. Because of the privileged blood supply inherent in the BBB, the extracellular space in nervous tissue does not easily exchange components with the blood. - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 2727 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 14 Provided by: apbrwww5A Category: Tags: histology | nervous | tissue less Ross, H. M, Pawlina, W. (2011). Generally, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system. The projections connect at the dendrites and are so extensive that they give the microglial cell a fuzzy appearance. The lipids are essentially the phospholipids of the glial cell membrane. Organelles can be membranous (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum) or non-membranous (ribosomes, nucleolus, centrioles). In terms of clinical significance, the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus are particularly vulnerable to damage in severe circulatory failure and by anoxia of persistent severe seizures. Tissuesare classified into four basic types: epithelium, connective tissue (includes cartilage, bone and blood), muscle, and nervous tissue. Everything absorbed through the alimentary tract passes through the special discontinued capillaries of the liver before going anywhere else. The Neuron Special property of irritability & conductivity Nerve cells are capable of receiving the . This coronal section includes the hippocampus (hippocampus = sea horse), dentate gyrus, and adjacent temporal lobe gyrus (entorhinal cortex). It is related to both the circulatory system and the immune system. Slide NP004N hippocampal region coronal section luxol blue View Virtual Slide [orientation]. The skin is both a medium for interaction with the environment and a barrier, protecting us from outside microbes and chemicals, changes in temperature and dehydration. The delicate meshwork of dendritic processes and nerve fibers (axons) lying between cells in the gray matter is called the neuropil. Two large nerve tracts typically leave the top of the cell body but immediately branch many times to form a large web of nerve fibers. A group of neuronal cell bodies is called a nucleus in the brain or spinal cord, and a ganglion in the PNS. One oligodendrocyte will provide the myelin for multiple axon segments, either for the same axon or for separate axons. Depending on the type of cells present (fibroblasts, osteocytes, erythrocytes) and the ECM arrangement, connective tissue can be classified as connective tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. Myelin, however, is more than just the membrane of the glial cell. Bipolar cells are not very common. Be able to identify tissues in the nervous system (nerves, cell bodies and ganglia, and white vs. gray matter in the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum). The cells are laid down on top of dense irregular connective tissue, the basement membrane (BM). The tissues of the nervous system can also be divided into grey matter and white matter. These cells have a single, long, nerve tract entering the bottom of the cell body. The spleen on the other hand, filters blood. Still deeper is the white matter slide 077 View Image of the cerebellum, which contains nerve fibers, neuroglial cells, small blood vessels, but no neuronal cell bodies. Please support theSecondLook initiative with a donation to ourMichigan MedicineSecondLook Donation Champaign(link is external). Tissues. You may see small calcific bodies in part of the hippocampus, which occur as a normal part of the aging process. They are found mainly in the olfactory epithelium (where smell stimuli are sensed), and as part of the retina. Eroschenko, V. P. (2017). Together this gives us the various types of epithelial tissues, such as simple squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium and many more. Lining ventricles of the brain, creating CSF. Thus are essential for maintaining homeostasis of the body. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. The only freely mobile joints are synovial joints, in which adjacent joint surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage, a soft type of cartilage rich in glycoproteins, proteoglycans and type II collagen. When macrophages encounter diseased or damaged cells in the rest of the body, they ingest and digest those cells or the pathogens that cause disease. Glial cells, or glia, are known to play a supporting role for nervous tissue. The spinal cord contains a butterfly-shaped area of grey matter surrounded by an outer layer of white matter. The entirety of the lungs is externally lined by pleura, a thin epithelial layer made of squamous cells with a thin underlying layer of connective tissue.Learn more about the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. Epithelial cells form two important histological structures within the brain; the blood-brain barrier and the choroid plexus. The nucleus is considered to be the brain of the cell. Next, the tissue is embedded with paraffin wax, which firms the tissue enough permit thin slices. The four main types of stains used in histology are empirical, histochemical, enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical. It is named after the anatomist who discovered it (Jan Evangilista Purkinje, 17871869). Deep to the gray matter of the cerebral cortex is the white matter that conveys myelinated fibers between different parts of the cortex and other regions of the CNS. Multiple muscle cells are bound by connective tissue into fascicles, and multiple fascicles join to form a muscle belly. A unity of cells with a similar structure that as a whole express a definite and unique function. The PNS encompasses all nervous tissue outside of bony structures, and includes all peripheral and cranial nerves, plexuses, and ganglia. There is a lot more to know about the female reproductive system. A group of organs united by similar functions. Many of these astrocytes send out processes that contact and wrap around nearby capillaries, which are also clearly recognizable as tube-shaped segments. All of these components work together to provide movement to the body. It relays sensory input to cerebral cortex. During development, the glial cell is loosely or incompletely wrapped around the axon (Figure 6). How. They are stabilized by ligaments, flexible fibrous bands made of dense regular connective tissue. This is done by the use of a complementary nucleotide probe, which contains a radioactive or fluorescent label. Bones articulate with other bones by way of joints, which can be synovial, fibrous or cartilaginous. As the name implies, the cell body is shaped somewhat like a pyramid, with a large, branching dendrite extending from the apex of the pyramid toward the cortical surface, and with an axon extending downward from the base of the pyramid. Based on their functional properties, these are described as either voluntary (skeletal) or involuntary (cardiac and smooth muscle). You may be able to see subtle differences in the distribution of cell types in rather loosely demarcated layers. The most common technique used is the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. The dendrites are projections that branch many times, forming small, tree-shaped structures protruding from the cell body that provide locations for other neurons to communicate with the cell body. For Schwann cells, the outermost layer of the cell membrane contains cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell as a bulge on one side of the myelin sheath. The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and lymphoid organs. Four main groups of tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous tissue. Depending on the number of layers, epithelial tissue is classified into simple (single layered) or stratified (multi-layered). Cardiomyocytes contain actin and myosin filaments just like other muscle cells, but they have some special structural and functional properties. Electron microscopy (EM) is a more modern form of microscopy that provides a much higher magnification and high resolution images. Basic nervous tissue staining mechanisms and classification of nervous tissue elements will be discussed. Slide NP004N hippocampal region, coronal section, luxol blue View Virtual SlideSlide 13270astrocytes,Gold-stainingView Virtual Slide. The gray matter contains relatively more neuronal and glial perikarya, as well as non-myelinated (e.g. Histology of nervous tissue1 Kifayat Khan 855 views 26 slides Nervous tissue2k1 Hatesh Mahtani 4.8k views 109 slides General histology || Nervous tissue Ali Nasser 457 views 8 slides Nervous tissue i kohlschuetter 3.3k views 25 slides Nervous tissue 1 aiyub medicine 4.3k views 90 slides Introduction to Neuropathology Cassie Porebski Then, get ready to test your knowledge! Wheater's Nervous tissues and Central nervous system, Ross and Pawlina (6th ed), Chapter 12 Nerve Tissue, Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a, Michigan Histology and Virtual Microscopy Learning Resources, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. These layers of myelin are many times thicker than the diameters of the axons. Above the temporal (ventral or inferior) horn of the lateral ventricle the lateral geniculate nucleus is present. While this barrier protects the CNS from exposure to toxic or pathogenic substances, it also keeps out the cells that could protect the brain and spinal cord from disease and damage. The cells of Clarke's nucleus then relay this information via axonal projections that extend all the way up into the cerebellum (hence the reason why the cells are so large) where it is processed to allow for coordinated movement. They can be classified by many different criteria. The ependymal cell is a glial cell that filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that circulates through the CNS. Name thefunction of the cell marked by the black arrow. Sensory reception is a peripheral function (those dendrites are in the periphery, perhaps in the skin) so the cell body is in the periphery, though closer to the CNS in a ganglion. The predominant cells visible on the slide are called pyramidal cells (named for their triangular shape). Because of this, ependymal cells can be considered a component of the BBB, or a place where the BBB breaks down. Uploaded on Jun 06, 2013 Elina + Follow cuboidal epithelium water loss That single axon can branch repeatedly to communicate with many target cells. It acts as insulation, much like the plastic or rubber that is used to insulate electrical wires. What anatomical feature explains this phenomenon? Germinal (spermatogenic) epithelium, with spermatogenic cells and nurse (sertoli) cells, forms the convoluted tubules, while small circular interstitial (Leydig) cells are found in the connective tissue between the tubules. - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 793 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 13 Provided by: RachelA156 Category: The main effector cells of the lymphatic system are the immune system cells. Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! This is why doctors must take extra caution when prescribing medication to these people. Histology Complete and Basic Tissues. Because of the difficulty of discerning each glial cell type by routine light microscopy, you will not be required to identify glial cells in HE-stained sections by light microscopy, but you should be aware of their functions. Four of them are found in the CNS and two are found in the PNS. Many types of glial cells require special histological stains and cant be unambiguously identified in regular H&E-stained histological slides. Neuronal processes form connections (synapses) with each other and with other cell types, in order to exchange electrical signals. Adjacent to the neuron, note myelinated axons of various sizes and also that there are no spaces between cell processes. If you are a University of Michigan student enrolled in a histology course at the University of Michigan, please click on the following link and use your Kerberos-password for access to download lecture handouts and the other resources. Neurons in the dorsal horn are essentially interneurons that project to other regions of the CNS (e.g., motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. Click on launch activity 2. Hair follicles are invaginations of the epidermis that contain rapidly proliferating and keratinizing cells responsible for the production and growth of hair. The function of myelin will be discussed below. Axon diameters can be as small as 1 to 20 micrometers. In general, where in the brain can grey matter be found? The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Microglia are, as the name implies, smaller than most of the other glial cells. Work for the lab This website is a great way to view the tissues. It contains connective tissue, mostly composed of adipocytes. They also have cilia on their apical surface to help move the CSF through the ventricular space. It has a similar role as the nervous system, working in tandem with it to maintain homeostasis of the body. How is this different in the spinal cord? thyroid, ovaries, suprarenal) and individual hormone-secreting cells found in many organs of the body (e.g. Sertoli cells prevent the immune system from attacking and destroying the spermatozoa. They are responsible for the computation and communication that the nervous system provides. Multipolar neurons are all of the neurons that are not unipolar or bipolar. Some cutting edge research suggests that certain neurons in the CNS do not conform to the standard model of one, and only one axon. Review diagrams illustrating the morphology of neurons in your textbooks. The delicate meshwork of dendritic processes and nerve fibers (axons) lying between cells in the gray matter is called the neuropil. Ongoing research pursues an expanded role that glial cells might play in signaling, but neurons are still considered the basis of this function. 49 Motor nerve cell - Ventral Horn of Rabbit Spinal Cord, MultipolarMotor Neuron Cell BodyView Virtual EM Slide Motor Neuron Cell Body. It relays sensory input to other neurons in the spinal cord. Epithelium is classified by both its cellular morphology and the number of cell layers. Much like the male, the female reproductive system is also designed for reproduction and sexual pleasure. The accessory genital glands include the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands. Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) produce lymphocytes (B and T cells) while secondary lymphoid organs (diffuse lymphoid tissues, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes and spleen) help to rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted material. Whereas the manner in which either cell is associated with the axon segment, or segments, that it insulates is different, the means of myelinating an axon segment is mostly the same in the two situations. Skeletal muscle consists of long cylindrical-shaped muscle cells with multiple, peripherally located nuclei and a cytoplasm filled with myofibrils. These glial cells appear similar to epithelial cells, making a single layer of cells with little intracellular space and tight connections between adjacent cells. Slide 13270 astrocytes, Gold-staining View Virtual Slide Go to a lighter stained area of the slide, which is in focus, and look for typical star-shaped cells, which represent astrocytes. Using slide 77, determine that the cerebellar cortex is organized into an outer molecular layer slide 077 View Image containing basket and stellate cells (not distinguishable by routine light microscopy) as well as axons of granule cells found in the deeper, highly cellular granule layer slide 077 View Image. Smooth muscle tissue appears non-striated because of the less orderly arrangement of their filaments. The choroid plexus is a specialized structure in the ventricles where ependymal cells come in contact with blood vessels and filter and absorb components of the blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid. Histology of Nervous Tissue PROF. DR. FAUZIAH OTHMAN DEPT OF HUMAN ANATOMY Feature of nerves tissue Type of cell: neuron & neuroglia General feature of neuron Type of The membrane wrapped around the fascicle is called an endoneurium and is made of the loose reticular connective tissue. They have one axon and two or more dendrites (usually many more). Neurons are the primary type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous system. This nerve was additionally stained with osmium and the membranes of myelin are visible as dark rings. They include hair follicles, skin glands and nails. In these slides, dorsal happens to be "up," but you should be able to tell dorsal and ventral horns based on morphology and the cells present rather than the orientation. The name glia comes from the Greek word that means glue, and was coined by the German pathologist Rudolph Virchow, who wrote in 1856: This connective substance, which is in the brain, the spinal cord, and the special sense nerves, is a kind of glue (neuroglia) in which the nervous elements are planted. Today, research into nervous tissue has shown that there are many deeper roles that these cells play. Mesenchymal cells are undifferentiated cells, which means they are capable of differentiating into any type of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes etc.). The insulation for axons in the nervous system is provided by glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the CNS, and Schwann cells in the PNS. Optic microscopy, also known as light microscopy, uses light from the visible spectrum and combines it with multiple lenses to create a magnified image. Once urine is formed from the ultrafiltrate, it travels through the excretory pathway of tubes, all of which are lined by transitional epithelium with the exception of some parts of the urethra. Table 2 outlines some common characteristics and functions. motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. All of these features give muscles the ability to contract and perform various functions, such as movement of the extremities (skeletal muscle), peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract (smooth muscle) and beating of the heart (cardiac muscle). The central axons are so thin that they appear as purple dots in the middle of the lighter-colored circles of myelin. At a microscopic level, a nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a series of tubules. However, if you take a much closer look, youll see that the histology of bones, is a whole other story. A third type of connective tissue is embryonic (fetal) tissue, this is a type of primitive tissue present in the embryo and umbilical cord. A single axon (often called a nerve fiber) leaves the perikaryon and transmits neural signals to other neurons or to the effectororgan (e.g., skeletal muscles) via synapses. Histology is the science of the microscopic structure of cells, tissues and organs. All rights reserved. Neurons are usually described as having one, and only one, axona fiber that appears as a long cord emerging from the cell body and projects to target cells. The testes produce male gametes (spermatozoa) via the process of spermatogenesis. Primarily, the PNS is made up of the axons of neurons whose cell bodies are located within the CNS (within the brain for cranial nerves and the spinal cord for peripheral nerves yet another way to divide the nervous system based on location). The first step in tissue preparation for optic microscopy is fixation. Correct answer 4. Specialized connective tissue includes the blood, reticular, cartilage, bone and adipose tissue. They can be classified as sensory or autonomic. This actually causes problems with drug delivery to the CNS. For now, focus just on the morphology of these regions and observe the presence of three distinct layers rather than the six layers found in the cerebral cortex (evolutionarily speaking, the three-layered organization is considered to be "older," so this type of cortex is also known as "archicortex" whereas the "newer" six-layered cerebral cortex is "neocortex").