Nearly three-quarters of a century later, these unknown remnants are a reminder that even the most overlooked scars of war are slow to fade. The balloons were supposed to blow themselves up after releasing anti-personnel and. [b][23], Balloon found near Alturas, California, on January 10, 1945, reinflated for tests, Balloon found near Bigelow, Kansas, on February 23, 1945, Balloon found near Nixon, Nevada, on March 29, 1945, Aerial photograph of a balloon taken from an American plane, American authorities concluded the greatest danger from the balloons would be wildfires in the coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest during dry months. The balloons sailed nearly 10,000 km eastward across the Pacific . By late May, there was no balloons observed in flight. The Winnipeg Tribune noted that one balloon bomb was found 10 miles from Detroit and another one near Grand Rapids. Carried by wind currents, the balloon bombs traveled thousands of miles to western U.S. shores. The balloon did not have any major consequences. In the aftermath of the explosion, the small, lumber milling community would bear the added burden of enforced silence. One was found as recently as October 2014 in the mountains of British Colombia. The Army mobilized thousands of teenage girls at high schools across the country to laminate and glue the sheets together, with final assembly and inflation tests at large indoor arenas including the Nichigeki Music Hall and Rygoku Kokugikan sumo hall in Tokyo. In 1984, the Santa Cruz Sentinel noted that Bert Webber, an author and researcher, had located 45 balloon bombs in Oregon, 37 in Alaska, 28 in Washington and 25 in California. All in all, the Japanese military probably launched 6,000 or more of the wicked weapons. Reverend Archie Mitchell was about to yell a warning when it exploded. In the waning days of World War II, the Japanese devised balloon bombs that could travel more than 5,000 miles via the jet stream to explode on North American soil. But they have never been bitter over it., These loss of these six lives puts into relief the scale of loss in the enormity of a war that swallowed up entire cities. [9], By March 1943, Kusaba's team developed a 20-foot (6.1m) design capable of flying at 25,000 feet (7,600m) for more than 30 hours. Winds of war: Japans balloon bombs took the Pacific battle to the American soil. The American government, however, continued to maintain silence until May 5, 1945. From November 1944 to April 1945, Japan's Special Balloon Regiment launched 9,000 high altitude balloons loaded with bombs over the Pacific Ocean. I ran up and they were all lying there dead. Lost in an instant were his wife and unborn child, alongside Eddie Engen, 13, Jay Gifford, 13, Sherman Shoemaker, 11, Dick Patzke, 14, and Joan Sis Patzke, 13. Matthias recalled that although the Hanford plant did lose about two days of production, we were all tickled to death this happened because it proved the back-up system worked. [36] Censors contacted the UP, which replied that the story had not yet been teletyped, and that only five copies of it existed; censors were able to retrieve and destroy the copies. None of the balloons, however, had caused any injuriesuntil Mitchells church group came across the wreckage of one on Gearhart Mountain. Two days after the initial launch, a navy patrol off the coast of California spotted some tattered cloth in the sea. Another bomb was espied a few days later near Kalispell, Mont. During the Second World War the Japanese conceived . The balloons would claim six American lives on May 5, 1945, but they were widely considered a military failure. However successful censorship had been in discouraging further launches, this very censorship made it difficult to warn the people of the bomb danger, writes Mikesh. Additional launches followed in quick succession. Is Sherman dead? Monument to balloon bomb victims near Bly, Oregon. Japan launched more than 9,300 paper balloons carrying bombs over the Pacific Ocean from late 1944 to early 1945 to attack the United States, including Iowa, in an attempt to instill fear and terror during World War II. When inflated with hydrogen, the balloons grew to 33 feet in diameter. [17] The bombs carried most commonly were: A balloon launch organization of three battalions was formed. Each measured 33 feet in diameter, was inflated with 19,000 cubic feet of hydrogen, and . Long COVID patients turn to unproven treatments, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, This sacred site could be Georgias first national park, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rainforest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. According to this interview, the Japanese Army had known that it would not be an effective weapon, but pursued it for the morale boost. Another balloon bomb struck a power line in Washington state, cutting off electricity to the Hanford Engineer Works, where the U.S. was conducting its own secret project, manufacturing plutonium for use in nuclear bombs. Although balloon sightings would continue, there was a sharp decline in the number of sightings by April 1945, explainshistorian Ross Coen. A calibrated timer would release a 11-pound (5.0kg) incendiary bomb at the end of the flight. The silence proved invaluable: the American populace was not alarmed and Japan, believing the mission had failed, ceased all balloon launchings only six months after the first one was released in November 1944. fter the Mitchell party tripped a balloon bomb in [7], Also in September 1942, Major General Sueki Kusaba, who had served under Tada in the original balloon bomb program in the 1930s, was assigned to the laboratory and revived the Fu-Go project with a focus on longer flights. All Rights Reserved. Japanese balloon bomb kills 6 in Oregon. I got out there and I start tromping all over that thing and got all the gas out of it. The year was 1945 and the United States was in the middle of World War II. The first balloon was launched on November 3, 1944. This prompted Army officers to contact military intelligence, commenting that the reporting included "a lot of mechanical detail on the thing, in addition to being a hell of a scare story". There were barely any morekozotrees, which was needed for the paper production. "Code 'Fu' [Weapon]") was an incendiary balloon weapon (, fsen bakudan, lit. During World War II, the military thought the winds could save them once again since its scientists had discovered that a westerly river of air 30,000 feet highknown now as the jet streamcould transport hydrogen-filled balloons to North America in three to four days. Japan reportedly launched 9,000 balloons during a six-month period at the end of the war. The Japanese balloon bomb, in all its terrible splendor. They wouldnt have been if that tragedy hadnt happened, Betty Mitchell told Sol in an interview. ", This screen grab from a Navy training film features an elaborate balloon bomb. At the same time as Bly residents were absorbing the loss they had endured, over the spring and summer of 1945 more than 60 Japanese cities burned including the infamous firebombing of Tokyo. Known as Operation Fu-Go, Japan first started toying with the idea of bomb-laden balloons in the 1930s, but the program began to take on a bit more urgency after April 18, 1942. Each balloon was loaded with four incendiaries. The Japanese government withdrew funding for the program around the same time that Allied forces blew up Japanese hydrogen plants, making the commodity needed to fill the balloons scarcer than ever. Between November 1944 and April 1945, the Japanese military launched more than 9,000 of the pilotless weapons in an operation codenamed Fu-Go. Most of the balloons fell harmlessly into the Pacific Ocean, but more than 300 of the low-tech white orbs made the 5,000-mile crossing and were spotted fluttering in the skies over the western United States and Canadafrom Holy Cross, Alaska, to Nogales, Arizona, and even as far east as Grand Rapids, Michigan. hide caption. The design was tested in August 1944, but the balloons burst immediately after reaching altitude, determined to be the result of faulty rubberized seams. [24] The most tactically successful attack took place on March 10, 1945, when one of the balloons descended near Toppenish, Washington, colliding with power lines and causing a short circuit that cut off power to the Manhattan Project's production facility at the state's Hanford Engineer Works. Reverend Archie Mitchell and his pregnant wife Elsie (age 26) drove up Gearhart Mountain that day with five of their Sunday school students for a picnic. "It . On March 13, 1945, two balloons returned to Japan, landing near, This figure includes 11 balloons shot down by the, "Japan's Secret WWII Weapon: Balloon Bombs", "How Geologists Unraveled the Mystery of Japanese Vengeance Balloon Bombs in World War II", "Military unit blows WWII-era Japanese balloon bomb to 'smithereens', Report by U.S. Technical Air Intelligence Center, May 1945, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fu-Go_balloon_bomb&oldid=1142217578, Fu-Go balloon reinflated in California, January 1945, one Type 92 33-pound (15kg) high-explosive, or alternatively to the anti-personnel bomb, one Type 97 26-pound (12kg) incendiary bomb, containing three, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 04:13. In addition, B-29s had bombed the Showa Denkochemical plant, which heavily limited Japans hydrogen resources. At least eight were found in the 1940s, three in the 1950s, two in the 1960s, and one in the 1970s. [9] Sand from the sandbags was studied by the Military Geology Unit of the United States Geological Survey, revealing mineral and diatom compositions that corresponded to Ichinomiya. The reverend would later describe that tragic moment to local newspapers: Ihurriedly called a warning to them, but it was too late. Fu-Go Balloon Bombs were experimental weapons launched by the Japanese late in 1944, destined to explore on American soil. Terms of Use Missouri University of Science & Technology. In 1987, a group of Japanese women who were involved in Fu-Go production as schoolgirls delivered 1,000 paper cranes to the families of the victims as a symbol of peace and forgiveness, and cherry trees were planted around the monument on the fiftieth anniversary of the incident in 1995. The second battalion of 700 men in three squadrons operated six launch stations at Ichinomiya, Chiba; and the third battalion of 600 men in two squadrons operated six launch stations at Nakoso, Fukushima. His team of geologists knew it wasn't a type of sand found in North America or Hawaii. The final balloon design was 33 feet (10m) in diameter, and had a gas volume of 19,000 cubic feet (540m3) and a lifting capacity of 300 pounds (140kg) at operating altitude. The Bly incident also struck a chord decades later in Japan. Since the 13th century when a pair of cyclones foiled the fleets of Kublai Khans Mongol invaders, the Japanese had long believed that the gods had dispatched divine winds, called kamikaze, to protect them. The sand was unique enough to narrow the source down to two areas on the island of Honshu. What U.S. military investigators sent to the blast scene immediately knewbut didnt want anyone else to knowwas that the strange contraption was a high-altitude balloon bomb launched by Japan to attack North America. All rights reserved. To resolve this, engineers developed a sophisticated ballast system with 32 sandbags mounted around a cast aluminum wheel, with each sandbag connected to gunpowder blowout plugs. Mitchell would go on to marry the Betty Patzke, the elder sibling out of ten children in Dick and Joan Patzkes family (they lost another brother fighting in the war), and fulfill the dream he and Elsye once shared of going overseas as missionaries. Balloon bombs aimed to be the silent assassins of World War II. Japan launched nearly 10,000 such balloons from Nov. 3, 1944, to April 1945. She had baked a chocolate cake the night before in anticipation of their outing, her sister would later recall, but the 26-year-old was pregnant with her first child and had been feeling unwell. In the months leading up to that spring day on Gearhart Mountain, there had been some warning signs, apparitions scattered around the western United States that were largely unexplainedat least to the general public. Few balloons reached their targets, and the jet stream winds were only powerful enough in wintertime when snowy and damp conditions in North American forests precluded the ignition of large fires. The balloon bombs, however, presaged the future of warfare. The first one Americans found was Nov. 4, 1944, floating in the ocean 66 miles southwest of San Pedro, Calif. That one was believed to have been a test balloon launched before the main launch. As one of the children reached down to touch it, the minister began to shout a warning but never had a chance to finish. We had built special safeguards into that line, so the whole Northwest could have been out of power, but we still were online from either end, saidColonel Franklin Matthias,the officer-in-charge at Hanford during the Manhattan Project, inan interview with Stephane Groueff in 1965. What if we could clean them out? The risk seemed justified as weeks went by and no casualties were reported. After that luck ran out with the Gearheart Mountain deaths, officials were forced to rethink their approach. The massive balloons would then be launched, timed carefully to optimize the wind currents of the jet stream and reach the United States. Not only were the minister and his wife, Elsie, expecting their first child, but he had also accepted a new post as pastor of the Christian and Missionary Alliance Church in the sleepy logging town of Bly, Oregon. A significant historical date for this entry is February 22, 1945. Eventually American scientists helped solve the puzzle. The dastardly contraption was one of thousands of balloon bombs launched toward North America in the 1940s as part of a secret plot by Japanese saboteurs. The first balloon bomb was set free on Nov. 3, 1944. This process would repeat until all that remained was the bomb itself. The trip took several days. Sherman Shoemaker, Edward Engen, Jay Gifford, Joan Patzke, and Dick Patzke, all between 11 to 14 years old, were killed, along with Rev. In January 4, 1945, the Office of Censorship requested that newspaper editors and radio broadcasts not discuss the balloons. They sent a bus up with all of this specially trained personnel, gloves, full contamination suits, masks. Omaha seemed relatively safe until one night in April when a Japanese bomb dropped in Dundee. The balloon caused sparks and a fireball that resulted in the power being cut. In the winter of 1943 and 1944, meteorologists, with support from the engineers tasked to develop transpacific balloons, tested the winter jet stream. Is Jay dead? Photograph courtesy of Karen Melkonian. When there were no reports of actual damage in the US, the Japanese media had made up fake stories about the weakening of American resolve. The Japanese military had been tinkering with the idea of a balloon weapon since 1933, considering designs which would drop bombs or shower propaganda leaflets behind enemy lines after flying a fixed distance, as well as a balloon large enough to carry a soldier. ", As described by J. David Rodgers of the Missouri University of Science and Technology, the balloon bombs "were 33 feet in diameter and could lift approximately 1,000 pounds, but the deadly portion of their cargo was a 33-lb anti-personnel fragmentation bomb, attached to a 64foot-long fuse that was intended to burn for 82 minutes before detonating. [44], A memorial, the Mitchell Monument, was built in 1950 at the site of the explosion. The bomb that exploded . ( looking east from Nebraska Highway 27) War, World II. Welcome to Wonderhussy Adventure #464Date of Adventure: 8/25/20In WWII, the Japanese sought to weaponize wildfire by sending bomb-laden balloons across the P. The tsu site featured its own hydrogen plant, while the second and third battalions used hydrogen gas manufactured at factories near Tokyo. Experts estimate it took between 30 and 60 hours for a balloon bomb to reach North America's West Coast. All rights reserved. They were developed in strict secrecy by the Japanese military as its naval fleet suffered a crushing blow in 1944 and could no longer strike the United States. When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Irelands Freedom, Strong Boy: The Life and Times of John L. Sullivan. [Courtesy: National . Archie Mitchell and his wife Elsie packed five children from their Sunday school class at the Christian Missionary Alliance Church into their car and headed out on a fishing trip. Christopher Klein is the author of four books, including When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Irelands Freedom and Strong Boy: The Life and Times of John L. Sullivan. [8] According to U.S. interviews with Japanese officials after the war, the balloon bomb campaign was undertaken "almost exclusively for home propaganda purposes", with the Army having little expectation of effectiveness. On May 22, the War Department issued a statement confirming the bombs origin and nature so the public may be aware of the possible danger and to reassure the nation that the attacks are so scattered and aimless that they constitute no military threat. The statement was measured to provide sufficient information to avoid further casualties, but without giving the enemy encouragement. Just a few months ago a couple of forestry workers in Lumby, British Columbia about 250 miles north of the U.S. border happened upon a 70-year-old Japanese balloon bomb . Location. According to Powles, "An investigation by local sheriffs determined that the object was not a parachute, but a large paper balloon with ropes attached along with a gas relief valve, a long fuse connected to a small incendiary bomb, and a thick rubber cord. Marc Lancaster. Privacy Statement Balloon bombs launched from Japan were intended for the United Statesmany hit their mark. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Tests of the design in August 1944 indicated success, with several balloons releasing radiosonde signals for up to 80 hours (the maximum time allowed by the batteries). The balloon bombs were 70 feet tall with a 33-foot diameter paper canopy connected to the main device by shroud lines. Against a scenic backdrop far removed from the war raging across the Pacific, Mitchell and five other children would become the firstand onlycivilians to die by enemy weapons on the United States mainland during World War II. [10], Engineers next investigated the feasibility of balloon launches against the United States from the Japanese mainland, a distance of at least 6,000 miles (9,700km). On April 18, 1945, a Japanese balloon bomb - one of thousands released toward the U.S . [29], On January 4, 1945, the U.S. Office of Censorship sent a confidential memo to newspaper editors and radio broadcasters asking that they give no publicity to balloon incidents; this proved highly effective, with the agency sending another memo three months later stating that cooperation had been "excellent" and that "there is no question that your refusal to publish or broadcast information about these balloons has baffled the Japanese, annoyed and hindered them, and has been an important contribution to security. Named Fu-Go, the so-called 'balloon bombs' were 10 metres (33 feet) tall, with the ability to carry four 11-pound (5.0 kg) incendiary devices plus one 33-pound (15 kg) anti-personnel bomb. On a Wind and a Prayer produced and directed by Michael White, PBS Home Video, 2008, Koichi Yoshino, "Balloon Bombs, Documents of the Fugo, a Japanese Weapon", The Japanese Noborito Laboratory, which became the Noborito Institute for Peace Education on Meiji Universitys campus, has. Not according to biology or history. [25] Many of the recovered balloons also had a high percentage of unexploded plugs, caused by failure of their batteries or fuses. It was meant to be "revenge" for the Doolittle raids on Japan. The 'extreme cruelty' around the global trade in frog legs, What does cancer smell like? They stated that all records of the Fu-Go program had been destroyed in compliance with a directive on August 15. According to a Dec. 14, 1944, newspaper article in the Thermopolis Independent Record, three men and a woman at the Ben Goe Coal mine west of Thermopolis saw a parachute lit up by flares. [40] As predicted by Imperial Army officials, the winter and spring launch dates had limited the chances of the incendiary bombs starting forest fires due to the high levels of precipitation in the Pacific Northwest; forests were generally snow-covered or too damp to catch fire easily. Why wetlands are so critical for life on Earth, Rest in compost? The balloons, or "envelopes", designed by the Japanese army were made of lightweight paper fashioned from the bark of trees. Yet overall, the military concluded that the attacks were scattered and aimless. In his book Fu-Go: The Curious History of Japans Balloon Bomb Attack on America, author Ross Coen called the weapon the worlds first intercontinental ballistic missile, and the silent delivery of death from pilotless balloons has been referred to as World War IIs version of drone warfare. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. Old cells hang around as we age, doing damage to the body. He facilitated a correspondence between the former schoolgirls and the residents of Bly whose community had been turned upside down by one of the bombs they built. They also concluded that the main damage from these bombs came from the incendiaries, which were especially dangerous for the forests of the Pacific Northwest. "balloon bomb") deployed by Japan against the United States during World War II.A hydrogen balloon measuring 33 feet (10 m) in diameter, it carried a payload of four 11-pound (5.0 kg) incendiary devices plus one 33-pound (15 kg) anti-personnel bomb, or . The alleged balloon scrap could be evidence of a unique weapon in modern warfare: the Japanese Balloon Bomb. Plus it was unclear whether the weapons were working; security was so good on the U.S. side that news of the balloon bombs' arrival never got back to Japan. Little was known about the purpose of these balloons at first, and some military officials worried that they carried biological weapons. [36], In late March, the United Press (UP) wrote a detailed story on the balloons intended for its distributors across the country. Your Privacy Rights [41] Furthermore, much of the western U.S. received disproportionately more precipitation in 1945 than in any other year in the decade, with some areas receiving 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25cm) of precipitation more than normal. While Archie was moving the car, Elsie and the children found the balloon and carriage, loaded with an anti-personnel bomb, on the ground. Karl F. Hasselmann Chair in Geological Engineering. Using that knowledge, in 1944 the Japanese military made what many experts consider the first intercontinental weapon system: explosive devices attached to paper balloons that were buoyed across the ocean by a jet stream. Fu-Go ([], fug [heiki], lit. Seeking to deepen their newly planted roots, the Mitchells invited five children from their Sunday school classall between the ages of 11 and 14on a picnic amid the bubbling brooks and ponderosa pines of nearby Gearhart Mountain on the beautiful spring day of May 5, 1945. Those who forget the past are liable to trip over it. In March 1945, one balloon even hit a high-tension power line and caused a temporary blackout at the Hanford, Washington, plant that was producing plutonium that would be used in the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki five months later. Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, This empress was the most dangerous woman in Rome. (U.S. Army Air Corps) Borne out of desperationand perhaps a touch of ingeniousnessthe Imperial Japanese Army in November 1944 began unleashing an estimated 9,300 "fire balloons" across the Pacific Ocean. Feb. 21, 2023 4:50 AM PT In late 1944, the Japanese military began launching 9,000 unmanned bomb-carrying balloon across the Pacific to bombard the West Coast. The balloons,, One of the best kept secrets of the war involved the Japanese balloon bomb offensive. The silence meant that for decades, grieving families were sometimes met with skepticism or outright disbelief. Check out p ictures of the ghostly balloons here. [48] A carriage with a live bomb was found near Lumby, British Columbia, in 2014 and detonated by a Royal Canadian Navy ordnance disposal team. While most are likely lost in the ocean, residents of the Pacific Northwest are advised to be careful when exploring uncharted territories. Early U.S. theories speculated that they were launched from German prisoner of war camps or from Japanese-American internment centers. Because the military worried that any report of these balloon bombs would induce panic among Americans, they ultimately decided the best course of action was to stay silent. They were call Fu-Gos, or balloon bombs. A hydrogen balloon measuring 33 feet (10m) in diameter, it carried a payload of four 11-pound (5.0kg) incendiary devices plus one 33-pound (15kg) anti-personnel bomb, or alternatively one 26-pound (12kg) incendiary bomb, and was intended to start large forest fires in the Pacific Northwest. [c][27] Experiments conducted on recovered balloons to determine their radar reflectivity also had little success. The incidents remind historians and Nebraskans of an incident that occurred in Dundee during World War II. Left: A Japanese balloon bomb reportedly discovered and photographed by the U.S. Navy in Japan.Large indoor spaces such as sumo halls, sound stages, theaters, and aircraft hangers were required for balloon assembly. hide caption. Between 1944 and 1945, the Japanese military launched an estimated 9,000 bomb-rigged balloons across the Pacific Ocean. On November 3, 1944, Japan released fusen bakudan, or balloon bombs, into the Pacific jet stream. [34] On April 22, officers investigated the nationally-syndicated comic strip Tim Tyler's Luck, which depicted a Japanese balloon being recovered by the crew of an American submarine. Wikimedia Commons / National Museum of the Navy These massive balloons had to carry more than 1,000 pounds across the ocean, which was no easy task for technology at the time. His work has appeared in numerous publications, including The Boston Globe, The New York Times, and National Geographic Traveler. Just a few months ago a couple of forestry workers in Lumby, British. But by then, Germanys surrender dominated headlines. Published: Feb. 6, 2023 at 5:38 PM PST. Japanese fire balloon reinflated at Moffett Field, California, after it had been shot down by a Navy aircraft January 10, 1945. By the end of May 1945, however, the military decided in the interest of public safety to reveal the true cause of the explosion and warn Americans to beware of any strange white balloons they might encounterinformation divulged a month too late for the victims in Oregon. As reports of isolated sightings (and theories on how they got there, ranging from submarines to saboteurs) made their way into a handful of news reports over the Christmas holiday, government officials stepped in to censor stories about the bombs, worrying that fear itself might soon magnify the effect of these new weapons. An estimated 1,000 were believed to have reached the U.S. Only around 300 were reported as landing on U.S.. In all, seven fire balloons were turned in to the Army in Nevada, Colorado, Texas, Northern Mexico, Michigan, and even . It was made of 600 pieces of paper. On Nov. 3, 1944, Japan unleashed some 9000 balloon bombs over a five-month period, all destined for mainland over the Pacific. The investigators learned that the Japanese had planned to make 20,000 balloons, but had fallen short of that mark. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. Anderson-Abruzzo Albuquerque International Balloon Museum, "Japan's Secret WWII Weapon: Balloon Bombs,", "Japan's World War II Balloon Bomb Attacks on North America,", Fu-go: The Curious History of Japan's Balloon Bomb Attack on America. Over the years, the explosive devices have popped up here and there. "The control frame really is a piece of art. Between the fall of 1944 and summer of 1945, several hundred incidents connected to the balloons had been cataloged. [33], One breach occurred in late February, when Congressman Arthur L. Miller mentioned the balloons in a weekly column he sent to all 91 newspapers in his Nebraska district. Cookie Settings, Photo courtesy Robert Mikesh Collection, National Museum of the Pacific War, Japans World War II Balloon Bomb Attacks on North America, a military bomb disposal unit had to blow it up, Kids Start Forgetting Early Childhood Around Age 7, Archaeologists Discover Wooden Spikes Described by Julius Caesar, 5,000-Year-Old Tavern With Food Still Inside Discovered in Iraq, Artificial Sweetener Tied to Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke, Study Finds, The Surprisingly Scientific Roots of Monkey Bars. On Nov. 3, 1944, the first of more than 9,000 bomb-bearing balloons were released. They were the only Americans to be killed by enemy action during World War II in the continental USA. This interview, and no official Japanese documents, was to be the only source of information regarding the objectives of the Fu-Go program for the US authorities, explains Coen. It was scary," said Johnston in a 2017 interview.